Chapter 2-Psychological Research

null hypothesis

the hypothesis that any observed differences between samples on the variable(s) of interest are due to chance (i.e., in an experiment the hypothesis that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable)

After reading a newspaper article discussing research demonstrating that regular aerobic exercise improved a person's memory performance, Olga wondered if lifting weights daily would have the same effect. Olga has generated a(n)

hypothesis.

Prediction is to explanation what ________ is to ________. -hypothesis; theory -variable; supposition -theory; hypothesis -hypothesis; variable

hypothesis; theory

Olivia is a psychologist. She wants to use the scientific method to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior. With which of the following steps should she start? -identifying questions of interest for research based on prior research findings -carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation -formulating an explanation -communicating her findings

identifying questions of interest for research based on prior research findings

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the ______ variable.

independent

Hui conducts a correlational study on people's height and their vulnerability to anxiety. Her study establishes that no relationship exists between these two variables. This correlation is most likely represented by -+10.0. -+.01. -+1.0. -−1.0.

+.01.

Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments? -Research with animals has failed to provide psychologists with valuable information. -Researchers must promote the animals' well-being, at least for some species. -Researchers must minimize discomfort, illness, and pain for the animals. -Researchers must house, feed, and care for the animals properly.

-Researchers must minimize discomfort, illness, and pain for the animals.

Hypothesis

A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested

Laura is a clinical research psychologist. She conducts an experiment that involves a placebo. Which of the following statements is true about her experiment? -All participants receive a treatment. -Only the participants in the experimental group are aware of the purpose of the research. -Laura is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered. -Only the participants in the control group are aware of the purpose of the research.

All participants receive a treatment.

significant outcome

An outcome of a research study in which the observed results are statistically meaningful

Theories

Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

Which of the following is NOT an APA ethical standard for psychology? -Participants must be informed of the nature of the experiment and its procedures. -Participants must be allowed to select the conditions of the experiment in which they participate. -Participants must be protected from physical or mental harm -Participants must be able to withdraw from the experiment at any time without penalty.

Participants must be allowed to select the conditions of the experiment in which they participate.

Which of the following is a reason that college students are often used as participants in psychological research? -They have a basic understanding of research methodology. -They cost the researcher very little. -Researchers do not need to obtain informed consent from college students. -They are representative of the population at large.

They cost the researcher very little.

Research has demonstrated a positive correlation between the number of hours of violent television watched and the amount of aggression in children. Based on these findings and what we know about correlational research, we can conclude that

We cannot conclude any of the assertions presented here.

In the context of ethical research, identify a component of informed consent in a study. -the knowledge that at some point in the study, deception will be involved -a detailed explanation of the study and its procedures -a statement of the potential risks of participating in the study -an assurance that the participants selected are from diverse populations

a statement of the potential risks of participating in the study

case study

an in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people

experimental group

any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment

A positive correlation indicates that -as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases. -as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases. -little or no relationship exists between two variables. -one variable causes the other.

as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases.

Which term is most nearly synonymous with the term correlation? -observation -manipulation -association -explanation

association

The purpose of random assignment is to -ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the various groups. -combine the results of a number of similar studies. -determine how likely it is that the results of a treatment were due to chance. -determine whether two variables are related.

ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the various groups.

After a research study, the experimenter should debrief the participants. In debriefing, the experimenter -assures the participants of confidentiality. -asks the participants to sign a document confirming informed consent. -provides a detailed explanation of the study. -reiterates that the study was voluntary.

provides a detailed explanation of the study.

Professor Baird has noticed that his students keep falling asleep during his lectures. He thinks that keeping the lights in the lecture hall on at their brightest level will help to keep students awake. He decides to give the same lecture to three groups of people. He holds one class session with bright lights, one class session with normal lighting, and one class session with dim lights. Professor Baird has a teaching assistant count the number of sleepers at the end of each class. The independent variable(s) in this experiment is/are

the level of light in the lecture hall.

In a typical Latané and Darley "bystander" experiment, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the dependent variable. -the number of people present; whether the participant helps -whether the participant helps; the number of people present -the presence of bystanders; whether a false emergency occurs -whether a false emergency occurs; the presence of bystanders

the number of people present; whether the participant helps

The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called -the informed speculation method. -the trial and error method. -the educated guessing method. -the scientific method.

the scientific method.

Why are control groups included in experiments? -to translate the hypothesis into something testable -to ensure that participant characteristics are essentially the same in each group -to ascertain cause-and-effect relationships -to determine whether two variables are correlated

to ascertain cause-and-effect relationships

To guard against participant expectations biasing the results of an experiment, the experimenter may -allow the participant to interact with people who have already been part of the experiment. -disclose to participants how earlier participants tested. -try to disguise the true purpose of the experiment. -explain to the participant what the desired outcome should be.

try to disguise the true purpose of the experiment.

Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her master's thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at her university. The 200 students constitute Amy's ________. The people whom she assumes her results will generalize are termed the ________. -sample; population -population; sample -experimental group; population -control group; population

sample; population

In constructing an experiment on the importance of journaling to alleviate the psychological pressure of keeping a secret, what is the independent variable? -the secret -the journaling -the psychological pressure of secret keeping -anonymity in secret sharing

the journaling

treatment

the manipulation implemented by the experimenter

independent variable

the variable that is manipulated by an experiment

Little or no relationship between two variables is represented by -a positive sign. -a negative sign. -zero or a number close to zero. -sigma.

zero or a number close to zero.

Paul is testing the effectiveness of a new treatment for anxiety disorders. He intends to administer the treatment to a group of participants and measure their levels of anxiety. What should Paul introduce into his research design to rule out factors other than the new treatment in the alleviation of anxiety? -deception -ethical research practices -diversity in the group of participants -a control group

a control group

informed consent

a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve

control group

a group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment

A researcher conducts a study and learns that her research results are important for individuals who work in a certain field. Specifically, the results of her research can help employers make a certain type of workplace safer and more effective. Based on this information alone, the researcher's study is important because it provides -refutation of another existing theory. -proof of the validity of an existing theory. -a modification of the researcher's own theory. -a practical application of the research.

a practical application of the research

Suppose some female rats are given caffeine and others are not. The researchers then count how many times the rats given caffeine couple with males, and how many times the rats not given caffeine couple. In this example, the independent variable is

caffeine.

Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. Which pair correctly identifies a variable in this experiment? -word recall—independent variable -caffeine—dependent variable -word recall—experimental variable -caffeine—independent variable

caffeine—independent variable

Dr. Park is conducting research with patients on the autism spectrum. He has included only male participants in his research. Which of the following reasons is Dr. Park most likely to give for not including females in his study? -"Women have too many responsibilities—such as children and work—that keep them from participating." -"I already know how male brains with autism react from prior research, and I don't want to complicate my study." -"Since autism affects more men than women, I am eliminating women from my study to make sure that the results are statistically significant." -"It is not possible to diagnose women with autism spectrum disorder, so women's participation in this study is irrelevant."

"Since autism affects more men than women, I am eliminating women from my study to make sure that the results are statistically significant."

Which of the following researchers is carrying out deception? -Lena observes a few children in a public playground to understand the development of their interpersonal skills. -Grace pretends to be a participant in an experiment and does the opposite of what other participants do. -Ahmed asks the participants in a study about creativity to build structures using building blocks. -Riya observes 200 dolphins to understand the effect of age on their navigation skills.

Grace pretends to be a participant in an experiment and does the opposite of what other participants do.

Suppose we have noticed that some rats seem to couple more often than others. This would correspond to which step in the scientific method? -observe -communicate -test -predict

observe

Dr. Nguyen wonders if knock-knock jokes are funnier than jokes involving "crossing the road." He has several people tell participants a series of both types of jokes and has the participants rate how funny they believe each joke to be. In this example, the dependent variable is the

participants' humor ratings.

A team of researchers conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug in treating anxiety disorders. The participants in the control group receive sugar pills without active ingredients, while those in the experimental group receive the new, anti-anxiety drug. In this example, the researchers use a -correlation coefficient. -single-blind procedure. -placebo. -double-blind procedure.

placebo.

A researcher conducts a study that contradicts the expectations of another existing theory in psychology. Based on this information alone, the researcher's study is important because it provides -proof of the validity of the existing theory. -a modification of the researcher's own theory. -refutation of the other existing theory. -a practical application of the research.

refutation of the other existing theory.

exact replication

repeat prior studies using the exact same procedures

conceptual replication

repeat the intent of prior studies using different procedures

Which of the following is NOT a risk to research integrity? -rushing prematurely to publication -repeating the same research design multiple times -overclaiming -the incorrect use of statistics

repeating the same research design multiple times

The evidence for the Better-Than-Average Effect (BTAE) is nearly undeniable. The result that people see themselves as above average appears to be robust, pervasive, and by most accounts, large. These are astonishing results to see ________ in so many studies. -operationalized -replicated -hypothesized -correlated

replicated

Several years ago, Dr. Cornell read a study that indicated that "ignoring your spouse" or withdrawing during arguments may be beneficial in lower-income couples, as opposed to negatively impacting higher-income couples' satisfaction rates. Dr. Cornell is interested in trying to run the study again to see if he can obtain similar results. Dr. Cornell's study would be an example of a

replication study.

Statistically meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses is known as a -subjective outcome. -conditional result. -significant outcome. -mutually exclusive result.

significant outcome.

Jana is observing a young autistic boy in a preschool classroom. Her job is to note each time the boy gets up from his chair without being told to do so. Jana's method of noting this behavior is known as

tallying.

Suppose we decide to give only some female rats caffeine and then watch to see if those given caffeine couple more often than those not given caffeine. To which step in the scientific method does this plan correspond? -communicate -observe -predict -test

test

There is a strong negative correlation between smoking while pregnant and the birth weight of the baby. This means that

the more you smoke while pregnant, the less your baby will weigh at birth.

Researchers have found that using flash cards is a better study method than highlighting key terms in a textbook. In this example, the independent variable is

the study method.

opertional definition

the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed in an experiment

dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment. It is expected to change as a result of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable.

Andrea is reading a broad explanation for why some people are more vulnerable to addiction than are others. This reading material also includes several predictions concerning people's vulnerability to addiction. Andrea is reading a(n) -supposition. -theory. -hypothesis. -operational definition.

theory

Which of the following sequences is correct? -operational definition → hypothesis → theory -operational definition → theory → hypothesis -theory → hypothesis → operational definition -hypothesis → theory → operational definition

theory → hypothesis → operational definition

Experimental group is to control group what ________ is to ________. -dependent variable; independent variable -independent variable; dependent variable -no treatment; treatment -treatment; no treatment

treatment; no treatment

When conducting correlational research, it is important to remember that

when two variables are correlated, we cannot be sure what is causing the correlation.

The dependent variable causes a change in which of the following? -independent variable -scores -hypothesis -None of the answer choices are correct.

None of the answer choices are correct.

replicated research

Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings.

Placebo

A false treatment, such as a pill, "drug," or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient.

Which of the following statements about theories is FALSE? -A theory, once proven true, no longer needs to be tested. -A theory is an idea or set of assumptions that explains observations and allows one to make predictions that can be tested. -A theory is an explanation that lets you make predictions. -If a hypothesis is tested and proves to be true, it becomes a theory.

A theory, once proven true, no longer needs to be tested.

random assignment to condition

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone.

The Zell, et. al study on the Better-Than-Average Effect is a meta-analysis. Meta-analytic results are considered more powerful than other studies because they -combine many findings in the literature. -evaluate effects in different subsets of participants. -overcome the limitations of small sample sizes by combining studies -All of the answers are correct..

All of the answers are correct.

Why are clinicians more likely to overlook symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in girls? -The "Light It Up Blue" campaign prevents research in girls on the autism spectrum. -Girls rarely come to the offices of clinicians who specialize in autism spectrum disorders. -Girls are frequently on the less severe end of the autism spectrum. -Clinicians do not believe that girls can have autism spectrum disorder.

Girls are frequently on the less severe end of the autism spectrum.

Professor Baird has noticed that his students keep falling asleep during his lectures. He thinks that keeping the lights in the lecture hall on at their brightest level will help to keep students awake. He decides to give the same lecture to three groups of people. He holds one class session with bright lights, one class session with normal lighting, and one class session with dim lights. Professor Baird has a teaching assistant count the number of sleepers at the end of each class. What is Professor Baird's hypothesis in this example? -Sleepy students prefer dimmer lights during class time than alert students. -Lighting will have no effect on students' wakefulness. -Alert students prefer dimmer lights during class time than sleepy students. -Bright lights will keep more students awake in class than dimmer lights.

Bright lights will keep more students awake in class than dimmer lights.

A researcher found that self-esteem in schoolchildren is positively correlated with grades. In other words, the higher the child's self-esteem, the higher the child's grades tend to be. Further research indicated that a third variable may cause this correlation. Which of the following is most likely to be the third variable in this example? -name of the child -shoe size -IQ score -type of car driven by the parents

IQ score

Wilma is undertaking survey research. Which of the following is she probably doing? -observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school girl -comparing students' performances on abstract and concrete versions of problems -recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat -asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors

asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors

Angel is a psychologist who conducts research studies frequently. If she is currently working on a naturalistic observation study, in which of the following tasks is Angel most likely engaged? -examining crime statistics compiled by the Department of Justice to see if the rate of property crimes is related to the rate of violent crimes -recording interactions between middle-level managers in an accountancy firm -asking participants a set of questions about the effects of outdoor activities on issues related to anxiety and depression -conducting an in-depth investigation of a boy with exceptional musical abilities

recording interactions between middle-level managers in an accountancy firm

Linus is a graduate student who is working on his dissertation. He read an article in the library on age differences in self-esteem across the lifespan, where researchers gave subjects (aged 9-90) a self-esteem measure. Linus would like to repeat the study and see if he gets the same results that the authors of the article did. Linus is conducting a -replication study.Correct -quasi-experiment. -longitudinal study. -meta-analysis.

replication study.

Which of the following is an advantage of archival research? -A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. -Data collection is easy because data already exist. -It provides a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. -It provides a sample of people in their natural environment.

Data collection is easy because data already exist.

Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study? -Dr. Jefferson, who is observing children on a playground -Dr. Henriette, who is investigating the effect of word imageability on list memory by handing out questionnaires -Dr. Kulik, who is studying newspaper stories on serial killers -Dr. Innis, who is investigating in detail the tactile perception of a blind woman

Dr. Innis, who is investigating in detail the tactile perception of a blind woman

Dr. Smith is interested in describing how children play during recess at school. Before Dr. Smith can be approved to run her research, the institutional review board wants to know how she plans to conduct the study. Which of the following plans would the institutional review board approve for a naturalistic observation study? -Dr. Smith is hoping to find a relationship between aggressive play and later lunch times. She will have the students eat lunch five minutes later each day for a week and look for more aggression during play times. -Dr. Smith will sit on the playground during recess and observe both aggressive and cooperative play behaviors in 5-year-old students in two classes at a local elementary school. -Dr. Smith will bring students from the elementary school to her laboratory during school recess on buses to allow them to play on a new piece of playground equipment that she has developed to determine if it leads to cooperative play. -Dr. Smith is going to assign one class to play only in the area with the swings, and one class to play only in the area with the baseball diamond. She will then assess which class demonstrates more cooperative play behaviors.

Dr. Smith will sit on the playground during recess and observe both aggressive and cooperative play behaviors in 5-year-old students in two classes at a local elementary school.

experimental bias

Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment

correlational research

research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated"

Which of the following reasons regarding why prestigious journals don't seek replication studies is FALSE? -Journals view replications as "treading over old ground," which offers little incentive for career-minded academics to conduct replications. -Journals are looking for novel theories and findings to excite their readership. -Like any other media, journals are seeking to gain membership to purchase their content. -In order to keep their status, journals will not accept replication studies, as they are easy to plagiarize.

In order to keep their status, journals will not accept replication studies, as they are easy to plagiarize.

Which of the following is NOT among the reasons that naturalistic observation is a useful research method? -It widens the available scope of research. -It can be used to test the external validity of other research findings. -It provides ecological validity to research findings. -It allows us to determine cause and effect in all situations.

It allows us to determine cause and effect in all situations.

Which of the following statements is true about descriptive research? -It is the only type of research in which the conditions are created by the researcher. -It tells us about the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. -It is the only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships. -It is designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior.

It is designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior.

According to the video, when we evaluate a theory or approach's usefulness to psychology, we ask a number of questions. Which of the following is NOT among the key questions that are important to evaluating a theory or approach? -Does it have strong explanatory power? -Does it generate testable predictions for future research? -It is financially feasible to test? -Is there solid evidence to support it?

It is financially feasible to test?

Which of the following is an advantage of a case study? -A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. -It provides a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. -Data collection is easy because data already exists. -It provides a sample of people in their natural environment.

It provides a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants.

Which of the following statements is accurate about operational definitions? -They are usually untestable. -They are independent of the creativity of the researcher. -They translate actual procedures into abstract concepts. -Many operational definitions are usually possible for a given hypothesis.

Many operational definitions are usually possible for a given hypothesis.

Using a sample of young adolescents, Dr. Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior. Which of the following might Dr. Nguyen legitimately conclude? -Uninvolved parenting is unrelated to delinquency. -Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior. -Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a lower degree of delinquent behavior. -Uninvolved parenting causes juvenile delinquency.

Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior.

Dr. Okoro works in the prison system as a psychologist. She wants to show that her new clinical treatment makes prisoners less likely to commit a crime when they are released back into the community. What is her hypothesis? -Prisoners are likely to commit another crime after serving a prison sentence, no matter what type of clinical intervention they receive. -If a prisoner receives treatment while in prison, he or she is less likely to reoffend. -Prisoners are less likely to commit crimes after serving time in prison. -Prisoners who participate in Dr. McManus's clinical treatment are less likely to reoffend than those who do not participate.

Prisoners who participate in Dr. McManus's clinical treatment are less likely to reoffend than those who do not participate.

naturalistic observation

Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.

archival research

Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis.

survey research

Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a case study? -It fails to provide a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. -The "typically occurring habitat" being observed cannot be controlled. -It is dependent on the availability of existing data. -Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample.

Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample.

Scientific Method

The approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.

Correlation research is -research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation. -research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis. -research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated. -research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.

research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated.

A pharmaceutical company is conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of a tricyclic antidepressant. Which of the following, if true, would indicate that the experimenters used a placebo? -The participants were assigned to the experimental or control groups by drawing lots. -The research assistants who administered the drugs were asked to establish rapport with the participants. -The participants were informed about the medication they would be taking and its possible side effects before starting the treatment. -The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment.

The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment.

Identify a shortcoming of survey research. -The sample may not be representative of the larger population. -The results are not generalizable beyond the sample. -It is often very expensive to conduct. -It is dependent on the availability of existing data.

The sample may not be representative of the larger population.

A team of researchers go to a busy local area and ask an actor to fake a seizure, to observe whether passersby notice the person having a medical emergency and intervene to help. The researchers are studying helping behavior in the real world. Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening in this study? -This is a field experiment, because the researchers have not manipulated the situation. -This is naturalistic observation, because the researchers have not manipulated the situation. -This is a field experiment, because the researchers have manipulated the situation to examine a variable.Correct -This is naturalistic observation, because the researchers have manipulated the situation to examine a variable.

This is a field experiment, because the researchers have manipulated the situation to examine a variable.-

Variables

behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way

Jake has found a correlation between the amount of time he spends exercising every day and the number of hours he sleeps at night. The more he exercises, the longer he sleeps. However, his psychology instructor explains to him that correlation does not mean causation. This means that

by itself, the correlation doesn't say if more exercise causes longer sleep.

Collection and analysis of data is done in which of the following steps of the scientific method? -communicating the findings -formulating an explanation -identifying questions of interest -carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

Felix's research focuses on an adolescent who committed a mass murder at his school. Felix uses data from the adolescent's school and medical records and interviews the adolescent's friends, family, and teachers. In which type of research is Felix engaged? -archival research -survey -naturalistic observation -case study

case study

The article indicates that dog owners were more "extroverted, conscientious, agreeable, and less neurotic" than cat owners. These characteristics (extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism) are broad personality traits described by the "Big 5" personality trait theory. Which of the following methods of research was utilized to determine the relationship between dog ownership and the "Big 5" personality traits? -longitudinal research -correlational research -naturalistic observation -experimental research

correlational research

Qualitative data is more likely to be gathered through

descriptive statements about a behavior.

Which of the following steps is NOT included in the scientific method? -discover -communicate -observe -test

discover

When cues are transmitted to participants about how they are expected to behave in particular experimental conditions, the research results may reflect ________ expectations. When people develop their own ideas about the topic of the research, the investigation's outcomes may be biased by ________. -participant; experimenter expectations -participant; participant expectations -experimenter; experimenter expectations -experimenter; participant expectations

experimenter; participant expectations

The video identifies several difficulties in conducting naturalistic observation research. Which of the following is NOT a difficulty in conducting observational research? -finding locations in which to conduct the naturalistic observation -obtaining access to the group you want to study -overidentifying with the people you are observing -maintaining relationships with the group of interest

finding locations in which to conduct the naturalistic observation

"People with opposite personality traits are more likely to be attracted to each other." This is a(n) -theory. -correlation. -hypothesis. -operational definition.

hypothesis

Before participating in an experiment, the participants must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve, what risks the experiment may hold, and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time. This refers to which ethical principle of research? -debriefing -informed consent -significant outcome -experimental manipulation

informed consent

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in an experiment? -informed consent → experiment → debriefing -informed consent → debriefing → experiment -experiment → informed consent → debriefing -debriefing → informed consent → experiment

informed consent → experiment → debriefing

Frederico is presenting the outcomes of an experiment he conducted in a talk at a regional psychology conference. Frederico is engaged in the ________ step of the scientific method, namely ________. -last; communicating findings -first; formulating an explanation -first; communicating results -last; formulating an explanation

last; communicating findings

When compared with the theories about human behavior that people generally develop in their daily lives, those formulated by psychologists are -more formal. -harder to test. -less comprehensive. -more frequently applied in daily life.

more formal.

Which of the following descriptive research methods is correctly matched with a description? -survey research—existing data is examined to test a hypothesis -archival research—in-depth investigation of an individual -naturalistic observation—behavior is investigated in the environment in which it typically occurs, without intervention by the researcher -case study—a sample is asked a series of questions about their thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors

naturalistic observation—behavior is investigated in the environment in which it typically occurs, without intervention by the researcher

Matt believes that one good pair of shoes is all a person really needs. Matt has blond hair and one pair of shoes. Ellen believes that a person needs a good pair of running shoes, a pair of dress shoes, and a pair of slippers. Ellen has black hair and three pair of shoes. Imelda believes that the more shoes you own, the better! Imelda has brown hair and 79 pairs of shoes. In this example, hair darkness and number of shoes a person owns are ______ correlated.

not

John is planning on conducting an experiment to see how men and women differ in geography performance. After describing the study to the participants, he gives them a written geography test. To make sure he does not mix up his data, he has participants write their name at the top of their test. Before John leaves the room, he informs the participants that they should drop their exams in an open box outside his office door so that he can pick up the exams when he returns later that week. John's study should

not be approved, because he has violated the ethical standard of confidentiality/privacy.

Imagine a situation in which a researcher wants to conduct a naturalistic observation study about how adults bond in social settings. To test this, the researcher signs up for a variety of evening events where adults enjoy snacks and drinks while learning a new skill, like painting. The researcher attends these events and does the activity along with the other adults. Based on the researcher's actions, this would be a

participant observation study.