Chapter 2 Smart Book Questions

A statement can be both Multiple choice question. a premise and a conclusion. an argument and a premise. an argument and a conclusion.

A premies and a conclusion

When evaluating an argument, what is generally the first step? Multiple choice question. Find the conclusion Find the biases Find the premises

Find the conclusion

Identify the kind of inductive argument that inductively supports a claim that asserts or implies cause-and-effect, or, alternatively, use such a cause-and-effect claim as a premise in an argument to establish that something happened or is the case. Multiple choice question. Arguments from analogies Reverse generalizing Truth-functional logic Causal arguments

Causal arguments

True or false: Proof beyond a reasonable doubt actually is a lower standard than deductive demonstration. True false question. True False

False

True or false: There are premises in a piece of pure rhetoric. true false

False Reason: This is false. There are no premises in a piece of pure rhetoric.

A deductive argument Multiple choice question. tries to support the conclusion. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.

Proves or demonstrates the conclusion

True or false: In logic, an argument is a feud or conflict. True false question. True False

Reason: This is false. The word "argument" does not always refer to two people having a feud or fuss about something. That use of the word has nothing much to do with critical thinking, though many a heated exchange could use some critical thinking.

An argument is sound _____ the argument is valid and the premises are true. Multiple choice question. generally when if and only if

if and only if

"The financial cost of the death penalty is less than that of life in prison. Also, it does not deter crime."What is needed to make this into an argument? Multiple choice question. A premise A conclusion

A conclusion

Who is considered the father of logic? Multiple choice question. Plato Aristotle Socrates

Aristotle

Every argument must have at least one premise and a ___________.

Conclusion

What are the two parts of an argument? Multiple choice question. Premise and statement Premise and conclusion Statement and conclusion Premise and reasoning

Premise and conclusion

True or false: When a premise is unstated, it is sometimes impossible to decipher if it is a deductive or inductive argument.

True

A kind of deductive argument that relates categories is referred to as________ ________.

categorical logic

Can a picture or photograph be an argument? Multiple choice question. Sometimes Yes No

no

"He should be our representative. He was brought up in our neighborhood, and he understands and loves each and every one of us." This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. logos kairos pathos

pathos

Which type of rhetoric appeals to emotions? Multiple choice question. Pathos Ethos Logos

pathos

Which of these words indicates a premise? Multiple choice question. Hence Therefore Consequently Since

since

The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to _____. Multiple choice question. determine whether it is valid determine whether it is true identify the premise spot the conclusion

spot the conclusion

The premises of an inductive argument are intended to _____ the conclusion. Multiple choice question. prove support

support

In a valid deductive argument, it is impossible for Multiple choice question. the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. the premises to be false and the conclusion to be false.

the premises to be true and the conclusion false

The conclusion of an argument is also called the _____. Multiple choice question. thesis answer premise argument

thesis

Movies and pictures cannot be arguments because _____. Multiple choice question. they cannot be either true or false they cannot cause to form an opinion they can have both a premise and a conclusion they are declarative

they cannot be either true or false

True or false: When a premise is unstated, it is sometimes impossible to decipher if it is a deductive or inductive argument. True false question. True False

true

Can balance of considerations arguments involve both deductive and inductive reasoning? Multiple choice question. Yes No

yes

"If you study hard, then you will get good grades." Is this an argument? yes no

yes Reason: Though the given statement could be a premise or conclusion, it is not itself an argument.

Which type of persuasion involves personal attributes, reputation, or accomplishments? Multiple choice question. Logos Pathos Ethos

Ethos

"John could not have stolen the car because he wasn't in town when it was stolen." Is "because" used in this case an explanation or evidence in a conclusion? Multiple choice question. Explanation Evidence

Evidence

"I was late to class because my car broke down." In this case, is "because" used to indicate an explanation or a premise? Multiple choice question. Premise Explanation

Explanation

"1) She was out late last night which led to 2) her being overly tired this morning. 3) So, she won't show up for class." How would you map this? Multiple choice question. 3 - 2 - 1 1 - 2 - 3 2 - 1 - 3

1 - 2 - 3

"Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling." What is the unstated premise? Multiple choice question. Harold is an only child. All twins have siblings.

All twins have siblings

Which of the following is true about arguments in the context of critical thinking? Multiple choice question. Arguments require only a conclusion. Arguments never include critical thinking. Arguments do not always need two people. Arguments require only a premise.

Arguments do not always need two people.

Who devised the theory of persuasion and the three modes of rhetoric? Multiple choice question. Socrates Aristotle Demagogue

Aristotle

What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain decision? Multiple choice question. Rational Adjudication Inference to the Best Explanation Balance of Considerations Common Sense

Balance of Considerations

Which of the following is an argument in which one inductively concludes that particular members of a population have an attribute because some high proportions of all the population's members have that attribute? Multiple choice question. Inference to the best explanation De-generalizing Generalizing from a sample Argument from analogy

De-generalizing

I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldn't eat the cake. Further, I don't like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert." What word indicated the conclusion? Multiple choice question. Hence Further So

Hence

In which type of argument do the premises support the conclusion? Multiple choice question. Invalid Inductive Deductive Sound

Inductive

In which type of argument do the premises support the conclusion? Multiple choice question. Sound Inductive Invalid Deductive

Inductive

"If you study for the final, you will get an A. Sue will get an A." Identify a true statement about this argument. Multiple choice question. It contains an unstated conclusion. It is a strong inductive argument. It contains an unstated premise. It is a strong deductive argument.

It contains an unstated premise

Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments? Multiple choice question. Logos Pathos Ethos

Logos

Sometimes you must infer the components of an argument using _____. Multiple choice question. background knowledge an encyclopedia

background knowledge

"Marijuana has been used for medical purposes for years. Compared to other substances, marijuana's effects are mild. I think marijuana should be legalized." What is a premise? Multiple choice question. Marijuana should be legalized. Marijuana is used for medical purposes.

Marijuana is used for medical purposes.

Is this argument sound? "All humans are dogs.All dogs are mammals.All humans are mammals."

No, valid but premises are not true

Which group of words all usually indicate a premise? Multiple choice question. Therefore, given that, hence Since, given that, therefore Since, therefore, hence Since, given that, for this reason

Since, given that, for this reason

Which group of words all usually indicate a premise? Multiple choice question. Therefore, given that, hence Since, therefore, hence Since, given that, for this reason Since, given that, therefore

Since, given that, for this reason

If an argument is valid and the premises are all true, then the argument is ___. Multiple choice question. good sound complete

Sound

When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is said to be _____. Multiple choice question. sound analytical creative crucial

Sound

What is the first step in evaluating an argument? Multiple choice question. Test if the premises support the conclusion. Test if the premises are arguments in themselves.

Test if the premises support the conclusion.

"The legal age for drinking alcohol should be 18. An 18 year old is a legal adult. Further, 18 year olds can get jobs and have responsibility." What is the conclusion of the argument? Multiple choice question. An 18 year old is a legal adult. The drinking age should be 18. With freedoms come responsibilities.

The drinking age should be 18.

Identify a true statement about premises. Multiple choice question. They are absent in an argument. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric. They cannot be unstated in inductive or deductive arguments. They cannot turn into a conclusion in another argument.

They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric.

Why are movies, photos, or songs not considered arguments? Multiple choice question. They cannot be considered true or false. They have no moral value. They cannot be considered on the basis of merit.

They cannot be considered true or false.

True or false: A statement can serve as both the conclusion in one argument and a premise in another argument. True False

True

True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are important components of critical thinking. True false question. True False

True

rue or false: All "if ... then ..." sentences are considered an argument. True false question. True False

True Reason: No, it could be a premise or a conclusion but not a complete argument.

True or false: People frequently use arguments when they try to persuade others. True false question. True False

True Reason: This is true. Despite the general inefficacy pf logos as a tool of persuasion, people do frequently use arguments when they try to persuade others.

True or false: When there is an unstated premise, you should use the context and content to clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive. True false question. True False

True Reason: When there is an unstated premise, you should use the context and content to clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive.

The kind of deductive argument that relates propositions, which can be or have been compounded from simpler propositions by means of logical "operators" such as "not," "and," "or," and "if...then...," is known as _____. Multiple choice question. categorical logic truth-functional logic argument from analogy reverse generalizing

Truth-functional

An argument is _____ if it is not possible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false. Multiple choice question. analytical crucial valid creative

Valid

"Usually, when a tire slowly leaks air, there is a small hole in the tire. You drove through a construction site with many small nails scattered around." What is the likely conclusion? Multiple choice question. You have a nail in your tire. You need new tires.

You have a nail in your tire.

The truth part of evaluating an argument involves _____. Multiple choice question. analyzing whether the premises are true testing if the premises support the truth of the conclusion identifying the parts of the argument determining whether the argument is either deductively valid or inductively strong

analyzing whether the premises are true

In a deductive argument, the premises ____ the conclusion. Multiple choice question. support demonstrate

demonstrate

"I believe Aristotle's argument because he is a renowned philosopher." This is an example of Multiple choice question. Pathos Ethos Logos

ethos

An argument "beyond a reasonable doubt" in the law is a type of ____ argument. Multiple choice question. deductive inductive

inductive

"The death penalty does not deter crime and is financially expensive. Therefore it is wrong." This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. Ethos Logos Pathos

logos

The quality of persuasiveness in an argument is generally Multiple choice question. more a function of logic than psychology. more a function of psychology than logic.

more a function of psychology than logic.

"Marijuana can have health effects such as loss of short term memory. However, some experts state that the effects of marijuana are less severe than that of alcohol." Is this an argument? Multiple choice question. Yes No

no

A movie can be considered as a/an: Multiple choice question. argument premise none of the options conclusion

none of the options