Chapter 2 Sociology

Give at least 3 effects of language on human life.

- allows human experience to be cumulative - provides a social or shared past - provides a social or shared future - allows shared perspectives - allows shared, goal-directed behavior

An advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is They are closely tied to the language. That although most gestures are recognized as universal, differences occasionally occur between cultures. Being able to communicate with simplicity. That they will enable you to completely understand the culture.

Being able to communicate with simplicity

Sociologists believe that _____. Biology is a basic cause of human behavior. The key to human behavior is culture. As a result of natural selection, biology no longer plays a role in human behavior. The key to human behavior is religion.

Biology is a basic cause of human behavior.

Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is true? It has not been criticized by social scientists Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating Sociologists accept all cultures, without judgment Cultural relativism encourages cultural smugness

Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating

_____ refers(s) to values, norms or other cultural traits found everywhere. Cultural universals Global culture Natural selection Folkways

Cultural universals

The main way people communicate is through _______ Gestures Intermarriage Language Artwork

Language

Values are like lenses through which we see the world _____. in a nutshell as it ought to be with great clarity like it is

as it ought to be

It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today, _____ traditional cultures have all but disappeared certain qualities are lost forever sociobiology is at work we are producing a more distinctive, less bland way of life

certain qualities are lost forever

When someone is jogging on the left side of the sidewalk and you, running faster, overtake that person on his/her right, this runs counter to a _____ in the US taboo more tradition folkway

folkway

The basis of culture is _____. customs heredity language sociology

language

List at least 5 core values of US society

Achievement and success individualism hard work efficiency and practicality, science and technology material comfort freedom democracy equality group superiority

_____ said that sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology. Charles Darwin Edward Wilson William Ogburn Benjamin Whorf

Edward Wilson

_____ would be part of material culture. Hairstyles Language Beliefs Values

Hairstyles

The _____ culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers worth aiming for. Real Concrete Ideal Fantasy

Ideal

What is the concern about artificial intelligence? It is science fiction It may enable computers to replace human culture It seems too good to be true It is an extension of Google Glass

It seems too good to be true

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that _____. Languages are universal Some languages, such as English, are superior to others. Perception and language are unrelated. Language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it.

Language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it.

What are the positive and negative sides of ethnocentrism?

Positive: it creates in-group loyalties Negative: it can lead to discrimination against people whose ways are different than ours.

What is the sociological significance of technology?

Technology helps with cultural leveling and cultural diffusion.

How is our nine-month school year a living example of cultural lag? Material culture never caught up with nonmaterial culture The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s. The school year was not lengthened to 9 months until the mid-1900s. The length of the school year was based on one-room schools, which have all by vanished.

The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s.

Which statement about the origin of values is true? Essentially, values "just happen" Values are unrelated to context in society Values emerge out of the conditions that exist in a society Individuals invent their own values

Values emerge out of the conditions that exist in a society

If you study hard to get a degree so you can get a good job and afford a nice home and car, you could be said to be bound up in _____. a confused approach to life a value contradiction a value cluster pertaining to success the value of democracy

a value cluster pertaining to success

The core value of education has _____. been easily pursued in the USA because college students are uninhibited changed to the point where nowadays a college education is thought to be a reasonable aim for most students in the US not been held by most Americans since the 1960s changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal only for a small number of Americans

changed to the point where nowadays a college education is thought to be a reasonable aim for most students in the US

Sociologists call the values held by most of the groups in a society _____ core values taboos habitual values universal values

core values

Some of the values and norms of a _____ place it at odds with the dominant culture subculture core culture counterculture sociologists' group

counterculture

_____ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind. cultural reluctance cultural lag ethnocentrism culture shock

cultural lag

To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called _____ ethnocentrism cultural relativism folklore cultural education

cultural relativism

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and objects passed from one generation to the next make up a group's _____. identity ethnocentrism culture material culture

culture

After a short plane ride from NYC, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens and motor scooters rather than cars. Food, clothing and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was likely experiencing _____ ethnocentrism culture shock a step back into history contact with people who shared none of his values

culture shock

In cultural leveling, _____ cultures become more and more dissimilar to one another the least advanced culture dominates culture is leveled or destroyed, as in a blast cultures become more and more similar to one another

cultures become more and more similar to one another

The term "new technology" refers to _____. anything invented in the last 5 years emerging technology that impacts social life in a major way 21st century technology an established technology that has changed the course of history

emerging technology that impacts social life in a major way

Who is ethnocentric? everyone westerners over 50, but not under 50 just those easterners who live in the Carolinas older people only

everyone

Cultural diffusion is a _____ group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture one-way "street from the West to other parts of the world change in "thinking" but not "doing" distraction from technology

group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture

Identify four interrelated core values emerging as a value cluster in the USA today

leisure self-fulfillment physical fitness youthfulness concern for the environment

When there is culture change, a group's _____ usually changes first. material culture sociobiology nonmaterial culture counterculture

material culture

Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great. At such a _____, the rules were loosened. culture-free event police-free event free-for-all moral holiday

moral holiday

If you kill another person, you have violated a society's _____. mores incidental values folkways ethnocentrism

mores

When you break norms you receive _____ positive sanctions a day in class negative sanctions hugs and kisses

negative sanctions

Which statement about incest is true? no society permits general incest for all its members all societies agree on what incest is the marriage of brothers and sisters is forbidden by all societies the marriage of fathers and daughters is forbidden by all societies

no society permits general incest for all its members

A term for rules of behavior is _____ culture norms moral holidays sanctions

norms

A society made up of many different groups is called a _____ pluralistic society fragmented society anachronous society ungovernable aggravation

pluralistic society

"In God We Trust" appears on money in the US. This reflects the core value of _____. group superiority religiosity education freedom

religiosity

Most Americans feel that the only proper basis for marriage is _____ parental approval economics mutual respect romantic love

romantic love

The human potential movement exemplifies the emerging _____ value. self-fulfillment aging population leisure acceptance

self-fulfillment

A distinct world within the overarching culture is a _____ superculture subculture miniculture monoculture

subculture

Another term for nonmaterial culture that sociologists use is _____ material culture symbolic culture gestural culture culture shock

symbolic culture

Even just the thought of the violation of a _____ fills us with revulsion taboo more parking regulation folkway

taboo

Sociobiology emphasizes _____. the influence of genes on human behavior classical sociology conflict theory sociologically informed genetics

the influence of genes on human behavior

The term "real culture" refers to _____ The norms and values that people aspire to follow Historical culture Universal culture The norms and values that people actually follow

the norms and values that people actually follow

One thing that can be said about material culture is that _____ it is "natural" it includes gesture it includes people's language there is nothing natural about it

there is nothin natural about it

How many subcultures does US society contain? five almost ninety hundreds thousands

thousands

Basically, technology is associated with _____. culture history tools sociology

tools

A_____ exists between the value of group superiority and the values of freedom, democracy, and equality. continuity folkway taboo value contradiction

value contradiction

People's _____ have to do with what they think appropriate in life. values mores taboos folkways

values

Nonmaterial culture refers to a group's _____ art weapons ways of thinking and doing eating utensils

ways of thinking and doing