CHAPTER 2: suffix and Prefixes continued

Explain the difference between the following procedural suffixes: -tomy, -ectomy, and -stomy. Explain what a surgeon does in an anastomosis.

A procedure ending in -tomy is an incision or section. A procedure ending in -ectomy is an excision or resection. A procedure ending in -stomy is the creaton of a new opening in an organ to the outside of the body. An anastomosis is a new surgical connection between two tubelike structures within the body.

Define the following surgical resections: cholecystectomy, splenectomy, and oophorectomy.

Cholecystectomy is removal of a gallbladder. Splenectomy is removal of the spleen. Oophorectomy is removal of one or both (bilateral) ovaries. In case you are wondering, the body copes very well without these organs. After cholecystectomy, without a gallbladder to store bile, the liver secretes bile as needed. After splenectomy, without a spleen to produce white blood cless and process worn-out red blood cells, lymph nodes and the liver take over these functions. After bilateral oophorectomy, without ovaries to produce eggs and female hormones, adrenal glands produce small amounts of female hormones.

centesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid

plasty

surgical repair

cyst/o

urinary bladder

uria

urine condition

ur/o

urine, urinary tract

hyster/o

uterus

phleb/o

vein

angi/o

vessel

scopy

visual examination

leuk/o

white

aphasia

without speech

radi/o

x-rays

chron/o

time

isch/o

to hold back

tonsillo.o

tonsil

trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

therapy

treatment

ma

tumor, mass

lapar/o

abdomen

osis

abnormal condition

amni/o

amnion

The separation of substances into their component parts is known as _________.

analysis

Decrease in hemoglobin in the blood to below the normal range produces a condition known as _________.

anemia

A medication produced from molds or synthesized in a laboratory to destroy micro-organisms is a/an _______________.

antibiotic

A protein produced by white blood cells in response to a foreign substance, such as a bacterium or virus, is a/an ________.

antibody

A foreign substance, such as a bacterium or virus, is a/an __________.

antigen

When airways collapse or are blocked during sleep, a condition called sleep ______ may occur.

apnea

axill/o

armpit

arteri/o

artery

Having an arm in a cast and not using it can cause _____________.

atrophy

A patient with hearing loss in both ears has a/an _______condtion

bilateral

hemat/o

blood

emia

blood condition

vascul/o

blood vessel

oste/o

bone

A condition in which the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute is ______________.

bradycardia

encephal/o

brain

mamm/o

breast

mast/o

breast

bronch/o

bronchial tubes

carcin/o

cancerous

thorac/o

chest

cry/o

cold

col/o

colon (large intestine)

ia

condition

algia

condition of pain

necr/o

death

A condition of frequent loose, watery stools that seem to "flow through" the body is called _____________.

diarrhea

pathy

disease condition

chem/o

drug, chemical

ot/o

ear

megaly

enlargement

esophag/o

esophagus

rrhage

excessive discharge of blood

rrhagia

excessive discharge of blood

salping/o

fallopian tube

sarc/o

flesh

rhea

flow, discharge

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

aden/o

gland

inguin/o

groin

sclerosis

hardening

cardi/o

heart

pelv/o

hip area

tomy

incision; cutting into

itis

inflammation

arthr/o

joint

nephr/o

kidney

ren/o

kidney

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

hepat/o

liver

pneumon/o

lung

pulmon/o

lung

mening/o

meninges

men/o

menstruation

my/o

muscl

neur/o

nerve

rhin/o

nose

lysis

separation, breakdown, destruction

crani/o

skull

myel/o

spinal cord or bone marrow

What is uremia? How is it treated? Name two different types of treatments for uremia

Uremia is a high concentration of waste products (urea, creatine, and uric acid) in the blood when the kidneys fail to function. It is treated by dialysis. Two types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Explain the concept of ischemia. How can it lead to necrosis? How does this relate to a myocardial infarction and a cerebrovascular accident?

Ischemia leads to necrosis because cells are deprived of necessary blood supply (containing oxygen and nutrients). A myocardial infarction (heart attack) is when ischemia and necrosis occur in the heart muscle. A cerebrovascular accident (stroke) is when ischemia and necrosis occur in the brain.

What is the difference between the combing forms, my/o and myel/o? Give meanings for the following terms that contain these combining forms: myoma, myosarcoma, myeloma, and myelogram.

My/o means muscle. Myel/o can mean either bone marrow or spinal cord. Myoma is a tumor (benign) of muscle. Myosarcoma is a tumor (malignant) of muscle. Myeloma is malignant condition occuring in bone marrow. Myelogram is an x-ray record of the spinal cord.

stomy

opening

oophor/o

ovary

peritone/o

peritoneum

al

pertaining to

ar

pertaining to

ary

pertaining to

eal

pertaining to

ic

pertaining to

septic/o

pertaining to infection

ather/o

plaque, collection of fatty material

graphy

process of recording

gram

record

erythr/o

red

ectomy

removal, resection, excision