Chapter 2 T.B.
Describe the components of a complete nutritional assessment for an individual?
Review of past and present dietary intake - to look for dietary deficiencies and excesses. Clinical evaluation - body measurements, medical and physical history; measurements are compared to standards. Needs vary with health status and genetic background. Laboratory assessment - used to detect nutrient deficiencies and excesses.
How do the goals and objectives of Dietary Guidelines for Americans and The Healthy People Initiative differ? How are they similar?
The Dietary Guidelines are targeted to those over the age of 2 and provide overall diet and lifestyle choices that will promote health and reduce chronic disease in the U.S. HPI also promotes health and prevents illness, disability and premature death. There is a focus on increasing the quality and length of life and eliminating health disparities and includes recommendations for infant feeding.
____________ are used when not enough information is available to establish an EAR for a particular nutrient. a) AIs b) DRIs c) RDAs d) ULs
a) AIs
Nutrition Facts labels include information about which vitamins? a) Vitamin A and Vitamin C b) Vitamin A and Vitamin E c) Vitamin A and Vitamin D d) Vitamin C and Vitamin D
a) Vitamin A and C
Recommended Dietary Allowances were first published in a) 1920 b) 1943 c) 1965 d) 1982
b) 1943
The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a selected nutrient would meet the needs of approximately what percentage of individuals in a population? a) 33% b) 50% c) 75% d) 99%
b) 50%
Daily Values are based on a ___________ kcalorie diet. a) 1000 b) 1500 c) 2000 d) 2500
c) 2000
The DRIs include _________ sets of standards. a) two b) three c) four d) five
c) four
A system that scores the average American diet is: a) Dietary Guidelines b) Food Guide Pyramid c) Exchange list d) Healthy Eating Index
d) Healthy eating index
Explain the purpose of RDAs, EARs, and ULs.
EAR: Evaluate nutrient intake of populations RDA: Goals for individual intake UL: Helps individuals prevent nutrient toxicities
Explain the differences between the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Adequate Intakes (AIs) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs).
EAR: Intakes that meet estimated nutrient needs of 50% of individuals in a gender and life-stage group RDA: Intakes sufficient to meet nutrient needs of almost all healthy people in a gender and life-stage group AI: Intakes used as a goal when no RDA exists UL: Maximum daily intake unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a gender and life-stage group
Describe uses for information gleaned from a national food disappearance survey.
Estimate what food is available to the population; provide year to year comparisons; identify trends.
How do Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) differ from the original RDAs?
RDAs are focused on prevention of deficiencies. DRIS are designed to promote health as well as prevent disease.
Which is not an anthropometric measurement? a) Blood glucose level b) Height c) Weight in kilograms d) Wrist circumference
a) Blood glucose level
How is the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label determined? a) By contribution to total weight b) By contribution to total volume c) By nutrient density d) In alphabetical order
a) By contribution to total weight
Nutrition Facts labels contain information about which minerals? a) Calcium and iron b) Calcium and zinc c) Iron and magnesium d) Iron and zinc
a) Calcium and iron
Which is not a goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? a) Prescribing what a person should eat each day b) Prevention of nutrient deficiencies c) Promotion of healthful eating d) Reduction of chronic diseases
a) Prescribing what a person should eat each day
Which statement about dietary supplements is true? a) The label must include the ingredients in the dietary supplement b) Dietary supplements have mandatory standards so the amount of active ingredient is the same from dose to dose c) Dietary supplements are approved by the FDA for safety and effectiveness d) Dietary supplements cannot be removed from the market once they are introduced
a) The label must include the ingredients of the dietary supplement
The MyPyramid plan includes a website, www.MyPyramid.gov. Which statement about this website is FALSE? a) The website only presents the 2000 kcalorie reference diet in an online format b) The website can be personalized for individuals c) The website allows individuals to analyze their diets for energy and nutrient intake d) The website is of little use to those Americans without internet access
a) The website only presents the 2000 kcalorie reference diet in an online format
The descriptor, Healthy, can legally be used on a food product when the product contains adequate levels of at least one selected nutrient and is low in: a) fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol b) fat, fiber and protein c) fat, sugar and cholesterol d) fat, sodium and protein
a) fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol
Food Disappearance Surveys are used to a) identify general trends in food intake among a population b) identify processing losses c) identify at-risk groups in the population d) identify marketing trends
a) identify general trends in food intake among a population
The recommendation of moderation in healthy diets a) means avoiding excesses of food components that increase disease risk like solid fats and added sugars. b) means choosing nutrient dense foods as often as non-nutrient dense foods c) is symbolized by the stairs on the side of the MyPyramid logo d) all answer choices are true statements
a) means avoiding excess of food components that increase disease risk like solid fats and added sugars
The nutritional analysis of a diet that follows The MyPyramid recommendations would most closely resemble which DRI group? a) EARs b) RDAs c) Ais d) ULs
b) RDAs
The MyPyramid plan, unlike the old Food Guide Pyramid, includes an emphasis on a) moderation b) proportionality c) variety d) activity
d) activity
The three main categories in the Exchange List are carbohydrate, meat and meat substitutes and _________. a) alcohol b) sugar c) fruit d) fat
d) fat
On the MyPyramid guide, fats are a) part of the meat and beans group b) part of the milk group c) counted as discretionary calories d) not a food group, although recommendations are made for types and amounts
d) not a food group, although recommendations are made for types and accounts
Describe advantages and disadvantages of each of the following dietary assessment records: 24-hour recall, food diary, food frequency, and a diet history
24-hour recall: + spontaneous, comprehensive, easy - relies on memory, underestimate amounts, may not be "typical" Food diary: + detailed, reliable - subject may change intake, time consuming Food frequency: + gives general pattern - not specific Diet history: + provides more complete info by combining methods - requires a trained interviewer
Discretionary kcalories are a) the energy (kcalories) left over after an individual has consumed all the foods needed to meet their nutritional needs b) the junk foods completely banned in a healthy diet c) about half the kcalories of a healthy diet d) the kcalories consumed when an individual chooses an eating plan other than the MyPyramid plan
a) the energy (kcalories) left over after an individual has consumed all the foods needed to meet their nutritional needs
Many Americans get little to no daily exercise. What is the minimum amount of activity recommended by the MyPyramid guide to reduce the risk of chronic disease and improve fitness, but is not intended to prevent weight gain or sustain weight loss? a) 30 minutes three times a week b) 30 minutes most days of the week c) 60 minutes three times a week d) 60 minutes most days of the week
b) 30 minutes most days of the week
Which claim on a food label is not allowed? a) Diets low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer. b) Diets rich in vitamin C will reduce the incidence of colds and flu c) Adequate calcium intake throughout life helps maintain bone health and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. d) Diets high in sodium may increase the risk of high blood pressure in some people.
b) Diets rich in vitamin C will reduce the incidence of colds and flu
Which is the FALSE statement regarding the MyPyramid guidelines? a) A person requiring 3000 kcalories a day and a person requiring 1600 kcalories a day can both effectively use MyPyramid as a guide for eating b) Foods are grouped using the same criteria as in the Exchange List c) The width of the triangle in the pyramid devoted to each food group is proportional to the amount each group should contribute to a healthy diet d) 2 1/2 cups of vegetables should be consumed daily on a 2000 kcalorie diet.
b) Foods are grouped using the same criteria as in the exchange list
Which is TRUE regarding Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)? a) For some groups, there is an established benefit of consuming nutrients at this level. b) It is a not a recommended level for consumption. c) Consuming nutrients at this level will probably cause adverse health effects. d) The UL is set at the level of intake that causes adverse effects in 5% of the population.
b) It is not a recommended level for consumption.
Analysis of blood can reveal a) what someone ate last night b) amount of glucose in the blood c) an assessment of someone's nutritional status d) bone density
b) amount of glucose in the blood
A question such as, "Who does the grocery shopping in your house?" would most appropriately be included in: a) 24-hour recall b) diet history c) food frequency d) food record
b) diet history
Exchange lists a) are the basis of MyPyramid b) group foods according to macronutrient and energy content c) simplify MyPyramid for the general population d) were first developed to help people lose weight
b) group foods according to macronutrient and energy content
Nutrient density refers to: a) energy input compared to energy output b) nutrients in relation to kcalories c) nutrients in relation to serving size d) weight of a food per serving
b) nutrients in relation to kcalories
Descriptive terms such as low-fat or heart healthy are: a) regulated by the Center for Disease Control b) permitted on a deli menu as long as the establishment provides documentation for the claim c) defined by each manufacturer or processor d) required on all frozen foods
b) permitted on a deli menu as long as the establishment provides documentation for the claim
For a 2000-kcalorie diet MyPyramid recommends __________ ounces from the meat group each day a) 12 b) 7.5 c) 5.5 d) 3
c) 5.5
Which is the FALSE statement about foods selected in a restaurant? a) A menu item labeled "lowfat" must meet the same criteria as a packaged product with a "lowfat" label b) Nutrient claims about menu items must be backed up with appropriate nutrition information c) A restaurant cannot make a health claim on its menu d) Menus may include general dietary advice
c) A restaurant cannot make a health claim on its menu
Which is the least logical use of information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)? a) Determining priorities for funding government health programs b) Determining effectiveness of existing programs c) Establishing daily requirements for major nutrients in selected population groups d) Planning public policy and goals
c) Establishing daily requirements for major nutrients in selescted population groups
Which is NOT included in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans? a) Limit your intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fat b) Choose and prepare foods with little added sugars c) Exercise three times a week d) Maintain body weight in a healthy range
c) Exercise three times a week
Which is NOT a goal or objective of the Healthy People Initiative? a) Eliminating health disparities among Americans b) Decreasing prevalence of obesity among adults c) Increasing the number of formula-fed infants in the U.S. d) Reduction of deaths due to heart disease
c) Increasing the number of formula-fed infants in the U.S.
Which is NOT legally required on a Nutrition Facts label? a) Kcalories from fat b) Grams of protein c) Kcalories from fiber d) Kcalories per serving
c) Kcalories from fiber
Which would most likely be used to plan menus for a school breakfast and lunch program? a) AIs b) DRVs c) RDAs d) ULs
c) RDAs
Which is the FALSE statement regarding RDAs? a) RDAs recommend amounts of nutrients that can serve as a goal for individual intake. b) The RDAs are one component of the DRIs. c) The EARs are derived from the RDAs. d) RDAs are often used in menu planning.
c) The EARs are derived from the RDAs.
Which of the following statements about the assessment of food intake is FALSE? a) Food frequency questionnaires do not give specific information about an individual's food intake b) Food records are reliable but individuals may change their usual intake while recording his or her intake c) The most common error made in reporting food intake is to overestimate portion sizes d) Food intake records should include one weekend day for greatest accuracy.
c) The most common error made in reporting food intake is to overestimate portion sizes
An impetus for the development of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans was a) the increased incidence of infectious diseases b) the prevalence of nutrient deficiencies c) chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, affecting a large segment of the population d) the discovery of more essential nutrients
c) chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, affecting a large segment of the population
A complete nutritional assessment would include all except: a) laboratory measurements b) past and present dietary intake information c) setting nutritional goals d) anthropometric measurements
c) setting nutritional goals
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels are most likely to be exceeded when a) large quantities of food are consumed by athletes b) people are recovering from surgery and need more kcalories c) supplements are taken d) people eat meat from wild game animals
c) supplements are taken
Computer software can be used to analyze diets. The most appropriate time to use a nutrition analysis program would be: a) when checking for a clinical symptom of nutritional deficiency b) when you wanted to know how many third graders in a classroom ate breakfast c) when comparing the planned menu for children in a daycare against the RDAs d) when determining how much of the senior citizens' lunch was eaten
c) when comparing the planned menu for children in a daycare against the RDAs
To manage weight and prevent unhealthy weight gain, the MyPyramid guide recommends a) 30 minutes three days of the week b) 30 minutes most days of the week c) 60 minutes 3 days of the week d) 60 minutes most days of the week
d) 60 minutes most days of the week
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population group? a) 33% b) 50% c) 75% d) 97-98%
d) 97-98%
Which of the following methods is most likely to provide accurate information about what a person typically eats? a) Food frequency questionnaire that is part of a computer program b) 3-day food record that includes a weekend day kept by the individual c) 24 hour recall repeated many times over 3-4 months by a trained interviewer d) A diet history that includes a 24 hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire
d) A diet history that includes a 24 hour recall and a food frequency questionaire
A food frequency reveals that an individual has a very low kcalorie intake. What other information would be needed before a diagnosis of malnutrition could be made? a) Anthropometric measurements b) Medical history c) Physical exam d) All answer choices are correct
d) All answer choices are correct
Which of the following statements is true about the Daily Values standards? a) DVs help consumers know if a food is a good source of a particular nutrient b) A DV of 5% or less on a food label indicates that the food is low in that nutrient c) The DVs may overestimate a nutrient needed for some groups but it would never underestimate the requirements for a group d) All answer choices are true statements
d) All answer choices are true statements
Which statement about proportionality is true? a) Proportionality means we need to eat more of some types of foods than others b) Proportionality is represented by the width of the bands on the MyPyramid logo c) Proportionality indicates that grains, vegetables, fruits and milk are the groups from which to eat the most foods d) All are true statements
d) All are true statements
You are evaluating the adequacy of your own diet. Which dietary guideline would be the most practical tool for this purpose? a) EARs b) Dietary Guidelines for Americans c) DRVs d) MyPyramid
d) MyPyramid
If you go to McDonalds and get a double quarter pounder containing 2 (4oz) beef patties, according to the MyPyramid guidelines for a 2000 kcalorie diet a) You should eat 2 more meat servings sometime during the same day to fulfill your meat/beans requirement b) You should eat 1 more meat servings sometime during the same day to fulfill your meat/beans requirement c) This meal just meets your meat/beans requirement for one day d) You have already gone over your meat/beans requirement for one day by 2.5 ounces.
d) You have already gone over your meat/beans requirement for one day by 2.5 ounces.
The MyPyramid plan separates foods into groups to help Americans apply the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines to their individual diets. These groups are a) the 4 food groups: milk, meat, grains, fruits and vegetables b) meat, milk, beans and nuts, grains, fruits and vegetables c) carbohydrate foods, protein foods, fat foods d) grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat/beans
d) grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat/beans