Chapter 2 terms

prostaglandin

A ______ is a common signaling molecule derived from a fatty acid.

Unsaturated

A fatty acid has a double bond in its carbon chain. It is a(n) ______ fatty acid.

reversable reaction

exist in a state of chemical equilibrium , Correct Unavailable, in which the ratio of products to reactants is stable.

essential fatty acids

fats needed by the body that must be consumed in the diet because the human body cannot manufacture them

Dehydration synthesis

releases water during reaction

glycogen

A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide is a ______ molecule.

Which term refers to a change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties?

Denaturation

cation

For a cation to form, one or more electrons must be lost

solvency

The ability of water to dissolve other chemicals is ______.

Cellulose

The structural polysaccharide found in plant cells

Prosthetic group

A heme moiety (non-amino acid component) attached to the protein hemoglobin is an example of which of the following?What is the prosthetic group in a glycoprotein molecule?-carbohydrate

Triglycerides

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol is a(n)

Fatty acid

A molecule consisting of a carbon chain, with 4 to 24 carbons, with a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group on the opposite end is which of the following? contain a carboxyl and methyl group

Which three functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?

Amino group Radical (R group) Carboxyl group

Which occurs when the demand for ATP out-paces the oxygen supply?

Anaerobic fermentation

suspension

Blood cells in the blood plasma is a biological example of which type of mixture?

physiological work

Breaking chemical bonds Building molecules Pumping blood Contracting skeletal muscles

isomers

Glucose and fructose both have the chemical formula C6H12O6. Which term below describes the relationship between glucose and fructose? Multiple choice question. Catalysts -Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms are known as

What does the quaternary structure of a protein depend upon?

Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

Metabolism

It includes reactions where molecules are broken down. It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized. It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.

Which of the following statements about the molecular weight of a molecule are true?

It is useful for calculating concentrations. It is measured in atomic mass units. It is equal to the sum of the atomic weights.

Disaccharide examples

Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Glycolipids

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids. A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate

primary

Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein.

How is chemical energy defined?

Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Which important properties of water allow it to support life?

Solvency Chemical reactivity Cohesion

glycogen

Storage form of glucose in animals

Carboydrates

The ______ family of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.

quaternary

The _______ , Incorrect Unavailable level of protein structure is determined by the interactions between two or more polypeptide chains within a protein.

Secondary

The _______ level of protein structure is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Valence/charge

The concentration of an electrolyte in a body fluid is expressed as milliequivalents per liter. This is equal to the millimolar concentration of the electrolyte multiplied by the ________ 1 don't know , Incorrect Unavailable of the ion.

amino

The monomer subunits of proteins always have which of the following functional groups

mole

The number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams

law of mass action

The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants

Which of the following best describes denaturation?

The unfolding of a protein's three-dimensional shape

catalysts

They may bind to reactants and bring them into proximity. They are not consumed by the reaction. They may position reactants in such as way as to favor their reaction.

True or false: A prosthetic group is usually a smaller peptide.

This statement is false. Prosthetic groups consist of non-amino acid moieties.

Which are examples of lipids?

Triglycerides Eicosanoids Fatty acids Phospholipids Steroids

Which of the following are used to express concentration?

Weight per volume Molarity Percentages

Emulsion

What term is used to describe a suspension of one liquid in another?

Eicosanoids

Which is a 20-carbon compound derived from arachidonic acid?

Tetiary

Which level of protein structure is due to bending and folding into various globular and fibrous shapes?

protien

Which of the following always contains an amino functional group?

adipose tissue

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue that provides energy storage, thermal insulation, and protective cushioning?

functional groups

Which of the following terms refers to common arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties? EX- Hydroxyl Amino Carboxyl

Cholesterol

Which steroid is a precursor for all other steroids in the body?

Proteoglycans

Which term below refers to large molecules composed of covalently-bonded carbohydrate and protein groups? Hint: They usually serve as lubricants at joints or as a structural component of cartilage.

Proteoglycan

Which term refers to a molecule composed predominantly of a carbohydrate covalently bonded to a smaller protein component?

Amphipathic

Which term refers to the dual nature of phospholipids, which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups?

Substrate

Which term refers to the substance upon which an enzyme acts?

Prostaglandin

Which type of eicosanoid is a modified fatty acid with a single five-carbon ring?

colloid

a chemical mixture containing particles that are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes, but small enough to remain evenly dispersed through the solvent.

chemical reaction

a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed.

proteins

always contains an amino functional group

Polyunsaturated

atty acid has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain

Which of the following is a molecule that is produced from ATP and which often serves as a second messenger?

cAMP

The amount of thermal energy that will raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C defines which unit?

calorie

mixture

consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.

A peptide bond is formed through ______.

dehydration synthesis

Which of the following functional groups is typically found in an alcohol?

hydroxyl

free energy

is a general term for the sum of potential energy in a system which can be utilized to perform work.

steroid

is the general term for a lipid molecule that consists of four interconnected carbon rings. Examples are cholesterol, testosterone, or estrogen.

amphiphilic

molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged area capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments

Molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution -Which reflects the weight of a solute in a solution and the number or molecules per volume?

Addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is known as the process of

phosphorylation

What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared?

polar

Polymers formed of many simple sugars are classified as ______.

polysaccharides complex carbohydrates

Name the family of macromolecules that plays a role in cell structure, communication (hormones and neurotransmitters), membrane transport, catalysis (enzymes), recognition and protection (immune factors), movement (contractile molecules), and cell adhesion.

protein

Glycoprotiens

proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

acid

proton doner H+

base

proton exceptor OH

starch

storage form of glucose in plants

Keratin and collagen are types of ______ proteins.

structural

monomer

term used to name one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule.

hydrolysis

water molecule broken and added to molecule

van der Waals forces

weak brief attractions between neutral atoms