Chapter 2 Test Questions

The results of a study of a population is presented in the following table. The "-" indicates that the other allele is unknown Which of the conclusions listed below is correct? A. All of the S - offspring from the S - X S - matings are homozygotic B. If the S- offspring of the S - X S - matings were mated to the S - offspring from the S - X ss matings there would be no ss offspring all would be S - C. The ratios of the offspring in the S- X S - matings conform to the expected ratio for a monhybrid cross D. The ratios of the offspring in the S - X S - matings are due to some S - parents being homozygotic and some being heterozygotic

D. The ratios of the offspring in the S - X S - matings are due to some S - parents being homozygotic and some being heterozygotic

The results of a dihybrid cross of plants is given in the table below. What conclusions would you make? A. More progeny should be counted since the number of progeny is too low to make this type of analysis B. The chi square value is so close to the p value at 0.05 a conclusion should not be drawn and another mating should be performed C. The results are statistically the same as the expected results D. The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results

D. The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results

A(an) _______ is a variation of a gene. A. trait B. character C. gamete D. allele E. variant

D. allele

In a genetic cross, the _______ represent offspring with genetic combinations that were not found in the parental lines. A. P generation B. non-recombinates C. parentals D. non-parentals E. none of these

D. non-parentals

Which of the following is correct regarding the blending hypothesis of inheritance? A. It suggested that hereditary traits blended from one generation to the next B. It was possible for the blending to change the trait from one generation to the next C. It was supported by early research by Joseph Kölreuter D. It was the prevailing hypothesis of inheritance prior to Mendel E. All of the answers are correct

E. All of the answers are correct

Statistical analysis determines the _______ between observed data and what was expected from the original hypothesis. A. testcross B. degrees of freedom C. P values D. complete hypothesis E. goodness of fit

E. goodness of fit

If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their offspring is called a _______. A. strain B. true-breeding line C. gamete D. cross E. hybrid

E. hybrid

Differences in plant flower color or plant height are called a variant of a trait. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the genotypic ratio of their offspring? A. 1:2:1 B. 9:3:3:1 C. 3:1 D. 1:1 E. Varied depending on the trait

A. 1:2:1

Huntington's Disease is a fatal syndrome caused by a mutation in the HD gene. The disease has an average age of onset of 35 and the majority of individuals that are affected are heterozygotes. What is the probability that a 25 year old woman with no symptoms and who is the daughter of a man that has HD and a mother who does not will have a child that will have the mutant HD allele? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

A. 25%

The following question refers to the Punnett square below. Which letter represents a homozygotic dominant progeny? A. A B. B C. C D. D

A. A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used for many different purposes, including determining paternity. PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences from complex mixtures and can be used to amplify sequences that although they may not have any known function may have several unique sizes and these different forms are inherited according to the Law of Segregation. Below is a diagram of an agarose gel of PCR samples from a mother, and several children. Which letters represent children that could be biologically related to the mother? A. A, B, and C B. All of the children could be related to the mother C. B, C, and D

A. A, B, and C

If a plant is test-crossed which of the following genes are linked? A. Flower color and height B. Flower color and flower placement C. Flower placement and height D. None of these genes appear to be linked

A. Flower color and height

What was the conclusion from Mendel's two factor crosses? A. Genes randomly assort into the gametes B. Alleles for one gene randomly assort into the gametes C. The ratio of the phenotypes of the progeny depends on the phenotype of the male parent D. The ratio of the phenotypes of the progeny depends on the phenotype of the female parent

A. Genes randomly assort into the gametes

An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ___________. A. Homozygous B. Heterozygous C. Isozygous D. A variant

A. Homozygous

Mendel's work with single-factor crosses resulted in the development of which of the following? A. Law of segregation B. Law of independent assortment C. Theory of natural selection D. Law of biological evolution E. All of the answers are correct

A. Law of segregation

An allele that produces an inactive enzyme would be classified as what kind of allele? A. Loss of function B. Gain of function C. Dominant D. These do not occur and therefore there is no classification for them.

A. Loss of function

The _____ value indicates the probability that differences between the observed values and the expected values are due to random chance alone. A. P value B. Goodness of fit C. Degrees of freedom D. Empirical approach E. None of the answers are correct

A. P value

The observable characteristics of an organism are called its ___________. A. Phenotype B. Genotype C. Dominance D. Genes E. None of the answers are correct

A. Phenotype

Mendel had experience in the fields of _______ and _______. A. Physics, mathematics B. English C. Psychology D. Biology E. None of these

A. Physics, mathematics

The chance that a future event will occur is called ____________. A. Probability B. Goodness of fit C. Degrees of freedom D. Random selection E. All of the answers are correct

A. Probability

The probability that one event or another will occur is based on which of the following? A. Sum rule B. Product rule C. Chi-square test D. Binomial expansion E. Random sampling error

A. Sum rule

The Law of Independent Assortment states that A. Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells B. Two different alleles will randomly assort during the formation of haploid cells C. Two different genes will NOT randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells D. Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of diploid cells

A. Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

A cross in which a researcher investigates the patterns of inheritance of a single trait is called a ____. A. monohybrid cross B. dihybrid cross C. two-factor cross D. cross-fertilization E. self-fertilization

A. monohybrid cross

The study of family trees in humans is called a _______ analysis. A. pedigree B. monohybrid C. dihybrid D. statistical E. probability

A. pedigree

According to the Law of Segregation allele segregation into gametes is A. based on whether the allele is dominant or recessive B. random C. based on whether the individual is homozygotic or heterozygotic D. based on whether the individual is male or female

B. random

If a Punnett square is used to visualize a three-factor cross (trihybrid cross) how many boxes would be inside of the square? A. 3 B. 8 C. 48 D. 64 E. Can't be determined

D. 64

Using Mendel's flower color (purple is dominant, white is recessive), if two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that the first two offspring will have purple flowers? A. 1/2 B. 1/4 C. 6/4 D. 9/16 E. 1/16

D. 9/16

In a dihybrid cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? A. 3:1 B. 1:2:1 C. 1:1 D. 9:3:3:1

D. 9:3:3:1

Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900 by which of the following individual(s)? A. Carl Correns B. Erich von Tschermak C. Hugh de Vries D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

Which of the following characteristics made the pea plant Pisum sativum an ideal organism for Mendel's studies? A. It has the ability to self-fertilize B. It was easy to cross-fertilize one plant with another C. It has easily identifiable traits D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

What is a feature of a pedigree? A. It represents the relationship between individuals in successive generations B. They can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked C. They are not useful for human genetic disease studies D. Answers it represents the relationship between individuals in successive generations, and they can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked, are correct.

D. Answers it represents the relationship between individuals in successive generations, and they can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked, are correct.

A couple would like to know what the probability is that out of five children, three will be girls. This is solved using which of the following? A. Sum rule B. Product rule C. Chi-square test D. Binomial expansion E. Random sampling error

D. Binomial expansion

Select which of the following results would most closely conform to a testcross of a dihybrid plant. A. A B. B C. C D. D

D. D

In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the _________. A. Diploid offspring B. Haploid offspring C. Diploid gametes D. Haploid gamete

D. Haploid gamete

The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by ________. A. Aristotle B. Galen C. Mendel D. Hippocrates E. None of these

D. Hippocrates

Mendel's work with two-factor (dihybrid) crosses led directly to which of the following? A. Chromosomal theory of inheritance B. Particulate theory of inheritance C. Law of segregation D. Law of independent assortment E. Theory of biological evolution

D. Law of independent assortment

In the biological sciences, the null hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value is _____. A. Greater than 1 B. Less than 0.30 C. Less than 0.95 D. Less than 0.05 E. Less than 1

D. Less than 0.05

Which of the following traits was not studied by Mendel? A. Flower color B. Seed color C. Pod color D. Pollen color E. Plant height

D. Pollen color

A coin is flipped 100 times, with a result of 53 heads and 47 tails. The deviation between the observed numbers and the expected 50-50 results is called _________. A. Probability B. Degrees of freedom C. Goodness of fit D. Random sampling error E. Standard error

D. Random sampling error

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CF gene, and there are several different mutations that are known to result in CF disease. The CF mutations behave as recessive alleles to the WT CF allele. If two carriers that have different mutations in their CF genes have children what is the probability that one of their children will have CF disease? A. 100% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%

B. 25%

What is the probability that an offspring will have an ss/RR genotype from a cross of two Ss/Rr individuals? A. 25% B. 6.25% C. 3.12% D. 12.5%

B. 6.25%

If an individual that phenotypically has dominant traits is mated to another individual that also has dominant traits and the progeny have both dominant and recessive traits it indicates that A. Both parents are homozygotic B. Both parents are heterozygotic C. No conclusions can be made about the genotypes of the parents D. One parent is heterozygotic and one is homozygotic

B. Both parents are heterozygotic

A true breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From this information, it can be stated that the green color is _____ to the yellow color. A. Recessive B. Dominant C. Subservient D. Blended E. None of the answers are correct

B. Dominant

The genetic composition of an individual is called its _____________. A. Phenotype B. Genotype C. Hybrid D. Dominance E. None of the answers are correct

B. Genotype

The anther represents the _____ portion of the plant, while the ovules represent the ____ portion of the plant. A. Female ; male B. Male ; female C. Female ; female D. Male ; male

B. Male ; female

_______ is the belief that seeds are produced by all parts of the body and transmitted to the next generation. A. Hippocrates B. Pangenesis C. Blending D. Particulate theory E. Homunculus

B. Pangenesis

Mendel's work with monohybrid crosses provided proof of which of the following? A. Blending theory of inheritance B. Particulate theory of inheritance C. Chromosomal theory of inheritance D. Pangenesis E. None of the answers are correct

B. Particulate theory of inheritance

Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three independent events in order? A. Sum rule B. Product rule C. Chi-square test D. Binomial expansion E. Random sampling error

B. Product rule

The _______ refers to the genetic composition of an individual. A. character B. genotype C. phenotype D. dominant trait E. recessive trait

B. genotype

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? A. 1:2:1 B. 9:3:3:1 C. 3:1 D. 7:4 E. Varied depending on the trait

C. 3:1

Two dihybrid pea plants (both tall and with purple flowers) are mated. The cross resulted in 9866 progeny, of which 5550 were tall with purple flowers. What are the expected ratios of the other phenotypic classes? A. 1850 Short/white flower 616 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower B. 1850 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower C. 616 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower D. 5550 Short/white flower 5550 Tall/white flower 5550 Short/purple flower

C. 616 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower

Two purebred plants are bred. The enzyme that controls the phenotype that is being studied is measured in the progeny and represented in the graph below. What are the expected ratios of the different progeny based on their enzyme levels? A. A: 33.3% B: 33.3% C: 33.3% B. A: 50% B: 25% C :25% C. A: 25% B:50% C: 25% D. A: 25% B: 25% C: 50%

C. A: 25% B:50% C: 25%

In a dihybrid testcross, the individual being examined is crossed to which of the following? A. An individual who is homozygous dominant for one trait but not the other B. Self-fertilized C. An individual who is homozygous recessive for both traits D. An individual who is heterozygous for both traits

C. An individual who is homozygous recessive for both traits

When studying a genetic cross, the second generation following the initial cross is identified by which of the following? A. P generation B. F1 generation C. F2 generation D. F3 generation E. P3 generation

C. F2 generation

An individual who has two different alleles for a trait is called ____________. A. Haploid B. Homozygous C. Heterozygous D. Isozygous E. True-breeding

C. Heterozygous

If the progeny of a mating of pea plants have the following ratios 1342 smooth seed/green pod, 447 wrinkled seed/yellow pod, 429 smooth seed/ yellow pod, 1361 wrinkled seed/green pod what are the genotypes of the parents? A. Parent 1: Homozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Heterozygous for seed shape and homozygous for pod color B. Both parents are heterozygous for seed shape and pod color C. Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color D. Parent 1: Heterozygous for both seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous for both seed shape and pod color

C. Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color

In humans, patterns of inheritance are often studied using which of the following? A. Dihybrid testcrosses B. Production of true-breeding lines C. Pedigree analysis D. Self-fertilization E. None of the answers are correct

C. Pedigree analysis

The results that demonstrated that traits were not blended were the ones where A. The F2 plants were selfed B. The true-breeding parents were crossed C. The F1 generation plants were selfed D. None of these experiments refuted the blending hypothesis

C. The F1 generation plants were selfed

Which definition below is the best definition for probability? A. The number of times a coin is flipped B. The number of times homozygotic recessives appear through successive generations of a family as compared to heterozygotes C. The chance that an outcome will occur in the future D. The frequency at which homozygous recessive traits are seen in an individual mating

C. The chance that an outcome will occur in the future

In a genetic cross, there are n classes of data. What would the degrees of freedom be for a chi-square test on this data? A. n B. n + 1 C. n - 1 D. 2n + 1 E. x(n) where x equals the number of individuals in the cross

C. n - 1

The _______ is the observable characteristics of an individual. A. character B. genotype C. phenotype D. dominant trait E. recessive trait

C. phenotype

If over several generations a trait does not vary in a group of organisms, that group can be called a _______. A. dihybrid B. hybrid C. true-breeding line D. variant E. cross-fertilized line

C. true-breeding line

Mendel's work on inheritance had an immediate influence on the scientific community and theories of inheritance. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE

The Chi-square test is used to prove that a hypothesis is correct. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE