Chapter 2: Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices
Biomedicine focuses on "_________"—diagnose and remove physical abnormalities
curing
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease, defines what term? a. biomedical approach b. holistic medicine c. botanical remedies d. health e. welfare
d
Hot-cold concepts developed out of ________ humoral medicine that identified four characteristics in the natural world associated with four body humors. a. Middle Eastern b. Latin American c. Renaissance d. ancient Greek e. Native American Indian
d
In what type of medicine is the body aided to heal itself through non-invasive natural treatments? a. osteopathic b. biomedical c. supernatural healing d. naturopathic e. magico-religious interventions
d
What are three health habits that nearly all cultures identify as health preserving? a. exercise, family, and spirituality b. alcohol consumption, preventative care, and dressing warmly c. rest, relaxation, and recreation d. a good diet, sufficient rest, and cleanliness e. a low-fat diet, rigorous exercise, and family time
d
What ethnicity focuses most on the belief that fulfilling social obligations is essential to health and that disharmony with family or village members can result in illness? a. Gypsies b. African Americans c. Middle Easterners d. Pacific Islanders e. Native Americans
d
What is the term for addressing the experience of illness, alleviating the infirmities of the sick, and responding to the personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness? a. cure b. holistic medicine c. treatment d. healing e. seeking care
d
What type of medicine uses pulses associated with internal organs, each with its own characteristics? a. ayurvedic medicine b. biomedicine c. holistic medicine d. traditional Chinese medicine e. magico-religious medicine
d
Biomedicine views illness as being caused by __________; "___________" is the whole disease-illness process
disease sickness
Western Biomedical Model
disease oriented, with the goal of determining the biologic or pathologic cause and executing a cure for that disease process
More than 80 percent of the world's population uses ________ remedies to treat illness and optimize health. a. traditional b. Eastern c. Western d. magico-religious e. herbal
e
Example of sympathetic quality of food
eating walnuts will help the
Nearly all cultures recognize the usefulness of the biomedical model in ____________
emergencies
Preventative health care is unknown in some cultures dominated by ________
fate
The majority view in America emphasizes individuality and personal control over _______.
fate
In (2), the emotional needs of the patient are addressed
folk medicine and alternative traditions
In some minority groups—Asians, Asian Indians, Latinos, and Native Americans—increased income =
higher weights
Why is the WHO (World Health Organization) definition of health that states it is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity" not right by all cultures?
ignores the natural, spiritual, and supernatural dimensions of health
Biomedical model: three levels for the cause of the disease -_________ causes—virus or toxin -_________ causes—smoking/high cholesterol -_________ causes—heredity
immediate underlying ultimate
____________—doing one thing at a time ____________—doing several things at once
monochronistic polychronistic
emotions being expressed through bodily complaints
somatization
Health food beliefs in which the food has a characteristic that looks like a human body part or organ
sympathetic quality of food
Healers of any type are chosen based on (3)
availability, cost, and previous care experiences
An envious gaze that is believed by many to project harm on another person is called a. a stare. b. the evil eye. c. a bewitching gaze. d. a seizure. e. the curse.
b
Approximately how much do Americans currently spend on complementary and alternative medicine annually? a. $11 billion b. $40 billion c. $1 million d. $350 thousand e. $1 million
b
Cultures use different therapies to cure illness. The practice of _____ is based on the tenant that "like cures like." a. folk healing b. homeopathy c. ayurvedic medicine d. naturopathic medicine e. chiropractic medicine
b
During 2007-2008, the National Center for Health Statistics in the United States reported that the average daily energy intake for women was _______ kcalories (kcal). a. 2,504 b. 1,771 c. 1,896 d. 2,001
b
Healers in the American South who specialize in communicating with spirits or saints through ceremonial invocation and may also use herbal preparations are called a. witch doctors. b. voodoo practitioners. c. root doctors. d. curadernos. e. Shamans.
b
In many non-U.S. cultures, being ________ is considered a protective factor that is indicative of health as well as an attribute of beauty. a. thin b. overweight c. physically fit d. wealthy e. American
b
Invoking supernatural forces, or ________, is a frequent social cause of sickness. a. astrology b. conjury c. disharmony d. bad air e. fate
b
Majority American values emphasize ________ and control over fate. a. formality b. individuality c. hierarchy or status d. spiritualism e. idealism
b
The American majority value that all people should have equal access to health care is shared by almost all cultures worldwide. a. True b. False
b
The majority members in the United States are ________, meaning they prefer to concentrate on one issue or task at a time in a sequential manner. a. multicultural b. monochronistic c. immigrants d. materialistic e. spiritual
b
The number of adults over 65 years of age in the U.S. is expected to double by what year? a. 2080 b. 2050 c. 2016 d. 2020 e. 2100
b
The view of an individual's relationship to fate is seldom related to the perception of time. a. True b. False
b
Traditional views of being thin are seldom negative and do not have underlying associations with poor diet and disease. a. True b. False
b
What is the practice in which a spoon or coin is rubbed across the skin for healing or to relieve tension called? a. acupuncture b. coining c. moxibustion d. massage e. cupping
b
What type(s) of attributes are commonly associated with well-being? a. behavioral characteristics b. physical characteristics (i.e., skin, hair sheen, weight) c. clinical features such as sore throat d. routine laboratory measures e. disharmony within the context of relationships
b
When a health care provider imposes her or his beliefs, practices, and values on a patient from another culture, what is this termed? a. supernatural powers b. cultural imposition c. worldview d. cultural inquisition e. biomedical approach
b
Which cultural group is an example of one that believes a person's family should be involved in all health care decisions? a. Jews b. Middle Easterners c. Americans d. Latin Americans e. Native Americans
b
Wind or bad air is of particular concern in many cultural groups because it can enter the body through ________, causing illness. a. the eyes b. pores in the body c. food-borne contagions d. an epidemic e. supernatural forces
b
The _________ view sees the medical profession as a strict hierarchy with the client typically having inferior status and with practitioners of folk remedies or faith healing at the bottom
biomedical
The ___________ worldview also holds the individual responsible for safeguarding his or her own health based on scientific, rational methods
biomedical
A monochronistic view of time suggests: a. doing several things at once. b. doing only two things at a time. c. doing one thing at a time. d. focusing on one color at a time. e. doing nothing.
c
Approximately what percentage of adults in the U.S. used some form of CAM during the year 2007? a. 50% b. 72% c. 38% d. 12% e. 83%
c
Culture-bound syndromes are a. a holistic view of the total experiences of the patient. b. healers chosen by cost and convenience. c. culturally defined folk illnesses that may be difficult to treat if not actually considered an illness. d. always due to witches and conjury issues. e. brought on by the evil eye.
c
Expression of emotions through bodily complaints is called a. sympathetic qualities. b. the biomedical approach. c. somatization. d. empacho. e. empathetic qualities.
c
General dietary guidelines for health that are similar to those of the U.S. have been developed for many countries, and usually include what concept(s)? a. five food groups b. using foods as medicine because of their intrinsic properties c. balance and moderation d. calorie restriction and physical activity e. vitamin supplements
c
Diet-related folk illnesses: (a) ________ ________: high blood and low blood (b) ________: imbalance in the digestive system (c) ________: Empacho
African Americans Chinese Mexicans
Meaning of Health: -__________ view a balance with nature; benevolent and malevolent forces may disrupt a person's energy and bring illness
Africans
________ might say a good diet "has all of the food groups" while an ________ might say, "it has a balance between yin and yang foods
Americans Asian
The "good diet" (a) ________: three meals each day (b)________ ________: balance between yin and yang foods (c)________ ________: sufficient quantity of food (d)________ ________: spiritually "pure" foods
Americans East Asian Middle Easterners Asian Indians
Sickness Due to the Natural World (a) Weather, allergens, smoke, pollution (b) (5): wind or bad air has entered the body (c) Viruses, bacteria, parasites (d) ________ systems: disharmony with environment (e) _______: planetary alignment (f) Injuries due to natural forces, e.g., lightning or falling rocks
Arabs, Chinese, Italians, Filipinos, Mexicans Humoral Astrology
Meaning of Health: -________ often believe that the yin and the yang of their surroundings and environment need to be kept in balance for cosmic and personal harmony and health
Asians
____________ diagnosis is based on observable symptoms (1) The patient's feelings about what is wrong are disregarded (2) Citing feelings as the cause of illness is considered psychosomatic
Biomedical
Sympathetic medicine and sympathetic magic use the word sympathetic to mean a. agreeably suited to a disposition or mood. b. vibrations from being in harmony. c. items that have visible characteristics similar to human body parts or organs. d. items that feel similar to human body parts or organs. e. balanced and in moderation.
c
The Japanese diet based on brown rice, miso soup, and vegetables that was popularized in Europe as promoting health in the 1920s is called a. microbiotics. b. the raw food diet. c. macrobiotics. d. the yin-yang diet. e. ritualistic cannibalism.
c
The ancient Asian Indian system of healing is called a. biomedicine. b. holistic therapy. c. ayurvedic medicine. d. traditional Chinese medicine. e. magico-religious interventions.
c
The consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems is called a. biomedical healing. b. dual medicine. c. medical pluralism. d. ayurvedic medicine. e. cooperative monitoring.
c
The use of astrology for determining the health status of a person coincides with what belief about sickness? a. Sickness is due to the social world. b. Sickness is due to the patient. c. Sickness is due to the natural world. d. Sickness is due to the supernatural world. e. Sickness is due to spiritual fate.
c
To relieve yin (too much cold), a small, burning bundle of herbs is used to restore balance of energy. What is this procedure called? a. acupressure b. coining c. moxibustion d. scratching e. massage
c
What type of medicine proposes that blood and lymph flow, as well as nerve function, improves through manipulation of the musculoskeletal system? a. chiropractic b. acupuncture c. osteopathic d. homeopathy e. traditional Chinese medicine
c
When sickness is assumed to be due to the actions of the patient, reasons for illness might include a. bad weather, allergens, and pollution. b. viruses, bacteria, and parasites. c. food and exercise choices. d. interpersonal disharmony. e. conjury.
c
Witches, sorcerers, and root doctors have the power to manipulate the natural or supernatural world through a. the evil eye. b. wind or bad air. c. conjury. d. humor systems. e. magic wands.
c
culture-bound syndromes
clusters of symptoms that define or describe an illness in a particular culture
What is an example of illness due to the supernatural world?
conjury
a tendency for health personnel to impose their beliefs, practices, and values upon another culture, acting on the belief that these ideas are superior to those of the other culture
Cultural imposition
"__________" responds to the personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness
Healing
_________ and timeliness reflected by doctors calling patients by first name yet patient expected to call the physician "doctor"
Hierarchy
Sickness Due to the Social World (1) ____________ disharmony, commonly blamed on an enemy (2)The ____________ ____________ has been cast by someone (3) ________ is another frequent social cause of sickness—practiced by witches, sorcerers, root doctors, etc., with supposed power to manipulate the natural or supernatural world
Interpersonal evil eye Conjury
"________ _________" are those shared by most whites and many other ethnic groups in U.S.
Majority views
refers to consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems
Medical pluralism
Meaning of Health: -___________ _________: health through harmony with nature—includes family, community, environment
Native Americans
Sickness Due to the ________ (1) Attributed to how the person lives, eats, feels (2) Person's actions have brought about the problem or person has inherent characteristics that would bring on illness
Patient
four theories that sickness is caused by the...
Patient Natural world Social world Supernatural world
Sickness Due to the Supernatural World (1) Caused by gods, spirits, the ghosts of ancestors (2) Judeo-Christian, Muslim, others: caused by the will of God Islanders, Cambodians: malevolent spirits can attack a person, causing illness (4) _______ possession—evil spirit causes the person to exhibit aberrant behavior (5) After being angry or suffering a fright, a person is vulnerable to sickness (6)Soul loss
Spirit
"Hot" and "cold" associations between food and health would suggest that the hot and cold aspects of food should be balanced to account for personal constitution and the weather. a. True b. False
a
Asians often believe that the yin and the yang of their surroundings and environment need to be kept in balance for cosmic and personal harmony and health. a. True b. False
a
Cultural imposition can be defined as a tendency for health personnel to impose their beliefs, practices, and values upon another culture because they believe their views are superior. a. True b. False
a
For many biomedical health care providers, an illness isn't real unless it is clinically significant; emotional or social issues are the domain of other specialists. a. True b. False
a
In a traditional culture, the evil eye can be blamed for causing illness when an envious enemy casts it. a. True b. False
a
In biomedical culture, three causes of disease are identified: a. immediate causes, underlying causes, and ultimate causes. b. immediate causes, emerging causes, and ultimate causes. c. immediate causes, intermediate causes, and underlying causes. d. spiritual causes, emerging causes, and ultimate causes. e. spiritual causes, underlying causes, and immediate causes.
a
Sacred healers with exceptional powers among the Native American groups are called a. medicine men. b. espiritos. c. curanderas. d. faith healers. e. voodoo practioners.
a
The yin and yang system of dietary planning is dominant in what cultural group? a. Asian b. American c. Hispanic d. Swedish e. African
a
Traditional views of health and illness often encompass a mind-body duality. a. True b. False
a
What act defines dietary supplements as separate from food and drugs? a. DSHEA b. USDA c. FDA d. Botanical Labeling Act e. American Herbal Products Association
a
What is the belief of the "majority American worldview" in regard to fate? a. a belief in personal control over fate b. a belief that fate controls the future c. a belief that illness is a result of fate d. a belief in fate only in movies e. a belief in fate only if prescribed by physician
a
What term is used for the entire disease-illness process? a. sickness b. disease c. illness d. deficiency e. weakness
a
Which of the following would be an example of sickness due to the patient? a. heart disease from eating fatty foods b. getting struck by lightning c. sickness from a virus d. an influenza outbreak e. exposure to the evil eye
a
Who is most likely to use complementary and alternative medicine in the U.S.? a. middle to-upper class women b. young men c. the elderly d. the poor who can't afford health care e. executives
a
The future orientation of the biomedical model expects patients to put up with a high level of pain and discomfort in the present for the future health benefit. a. True b. False
a
-Time dominates -Indirectness/ritual/"face" -Materialism -Fate determines what happens -Informality a. Majority American value b. Other cultural groups
a b a b a
folk illness
a culture-bound illness; a set of symptoms that are grouped together under a single label only within a particular culture
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
a diverse set of approaches and therapies for treating illness and promoting well-being that generally falls outside standard medical practices
Chinese/Asian cultures: balance _____ foods (raw, soothing, cool) and ______ foods (colored, spicy, high-calorie); should be eaten with a neutral food like rice
yin yang
