Chapter 2

Identify the main concerns that motivated the federal government to pass laws that placed restrictive regulations on the sale and use of psychoactive drugs (check all that apply)

toxicity crime dependence

More than half of all federal prisoners are convicted on charges of

illicit drug use

Drug use might cause criminal behavior when a person is

under the influence of a drug

According to the early medical models of substance dependence, when was the dependence said to be cured

when a user no longer had withdrawal symptoms

Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance

A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem

Arrange the substance that are responsible for causing U.S. death annually. Place the substance that causes most death on top

Cigarettes Alcohol Psychoactive drugs

In the context of duration of effects of drugs, match the types of toxicity (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column)

Acute toxicity: The short-term effects of a single dose of a drug Chronic toxicity: The long-term effects from repeated use of a drug

The ___ was set up by the U.S. government in an effort to monitor the toxicity of drugs other than alcohol

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)

True or false: According to the 1960s experiments on self-administration of morphine by monkeys, only those monkeys who were initially made physically dependence on the drug continued pressing the lever for their morphine intake

False

True or false: the total number of deaths caused by cocaine, heroin, and marijuana is higher than the deaths caused by either alcohol to tobacco

False

Identify a route of drug administration that puts users primarily at a higher risk of contracting dangerous viral diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis

Injection

Identify the substance, which causes emergency room visits, that is not included the data collected by the Drug Abuse Warning (DAWN) system

Only alcohol use by an adult

___ dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use

Psychological

_____ dependence of a user on a drug indicated by frequent use of the drug, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after quitting its use

Psychological

In the context of the prevalent medical notion on substance dependence in the 1960s, match the types of substance dependence (in the left column) with the substances to which they are attributed (in the right column)

Psychological dependence: Marijuana, amphetamines and cocaine Physical dependence: heroin

Identify an example of a withdrawal syndrome

a heroin user who experiences diarrhea when he or she stops using

The toxicity that results from effects of a drug on the behavior of a user is called ____ toxicity

behavioral

How does a regulate drug user overcome his or her body's tolerance toward a particular drug to experience that desired effect of the drug

by increasing the dose of the drug

In the context of substance dependence being a family disorder, ___ of family members on the user facilitates further substance use by that user

codependence

Identify a true statement about drug-related crimes

crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs

Peele and others agreed that substance dependence should not be classified as a disease because it _____

does not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

The basis for laws concerning drug and drug users was the beef that _____

drug use causes crime

The nation that ___ forms the basis of arguments in favor of passing laws to regulate drug use and drug users

drug use changes a user's personality in a lasting way

According to early medical models on substance dependence, dependence was characterized by the ___

existence of a withdrawal syndrome due to lack of drug intake

To prove that all compulsive behaviors have some common physiological or biochemical action in the brain theorists have

focused on studying dopamine, and important neurotransmitter in the brain

In the experiments conducted in the 1960s, monkeys and rats were connected to an apparatus so that pressing a lever would inject morphine into there body through

intravenous tubes

According to the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), alcohol dependence ______

needed to be recognized and treated as a primary problem

___ dependence on a drug implies that a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence

physical

In psychology,___ is a procedure in which a behavioral events if followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated

reinforcement

According to the scientific data collected on the potential of a substance to cause dependence, it can be concluded that

some substances are more addictive than others

In the 1960s experiments on drug use by monkeys concluded that

the drug themselves positively reinforce the drug-taking behavior

Identify a true statement about genetic influence on substance dependence

the specific genes influencing dependence are unknown

According to research conducted on personality types that typically tend to be involved in drug-taking behavior

there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior

The phenomenon, seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect is known as

tolerance

___ typically preceded a use's physical dependence on a drug

tolerance

Drugs are said to be ___ when they produce effects that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences

toxic