Chapter 2

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _________

dopamine

The brain and the spinal cord make up the ______, which controls and commands bodily functions.

Central nervous system

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

Genotype

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

Serotonin

The _____ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared.

Sympathetic division

Which of the following statements is true of hormones?

They are secreted directly into the bloodstream.

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of _______ is severed.

the corpus callosum

If you are upset over something that you saw on social media, most likely your ________ is highly active right now.

Amygdala

Shana is a young girl who was in a bus accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember people she had met before the accident and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has made Shana unable to permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her ________

Hippocampus

________ is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection.

Mutation

_______ is the concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce.

Natural selection

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

_______ form a fatty substance called myelin.

Glial cells

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

Medulla

Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding.

Some researchers consider the ______ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

Prefrontal cortex

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. The sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through ______

afferent neurons

________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine