Chapter 20, 21, 22 Mastering

Describe red pulp and white pulp found in the spleen. (Module 20.7B)

Red pulp contains large numbers of red blood cells; white pulp resembles lymphoid nodules and contains lymphocytes.

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A)

The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.

Name the lobes and fissures of each lung.

The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

In opsonization,

a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result from all of the following except neutralization of the antigen. activate T cells. opsonization. complement activation. agglutination or precipitation.

activate T cells.

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it lies in the anterior mediastinum. produces T cells. reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. involutes after puberty. activates B cells.

activates b cells

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination.

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?

alveoli

Where is the thymus located?

anterior mediastinum POSTERIOR sternum

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

apx

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they are frequently irregular in shape. are smaller in diameter. have no basement membrane. are larger in diameter. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.

are smaller in diameter

Which type of specific defense is conferred by the administration of antibodies to combat infection?

artificially acquired passive immunity

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis.

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through which structure?

choanae

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except complement. secretions. basement membranes. epithelium. body hair.

compliment

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic t

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration

The nasal cavity:

is part of the upper respiratory system

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that it is delayed by the memory cell stage. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.

it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx

Which of the following is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis? hard palate larynx laryngopharynx trachea

larynx

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the nose. pharynx. paranasal sinuses. nasal cavity. lips.

lips.

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

lobes of the lungs

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory tract

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

memory

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. (Module 20.5A)

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

mucous escalator

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the

nasal septum

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria

neutrohpils

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? oropharynx bronchi alveoli bronchioles larynx

oropharynx

In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the

secondary bronchioles

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

Regulatory T cells act to

suppress antigens.

Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes. (Module 20.4A)

t,b and nk

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

the right lymphatic duct.

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

the upper respiratory tract

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except the venae cavae. the appendix. the spleen. red bone marrow. lymph.

the venae cavae.

Type I pneumocytes:

thin and delicate squamous epithelium

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

tolerance

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea

Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract.

trachea — main bronchi — lobar bronchi — segmental bronchi — terminal bronchioles — pulmonary lobule

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)

valves

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the

variable segment

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

3 and 2

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

99

What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph? (Module 20.1A)

A lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. Lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel.

What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow?

Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing.

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

Autoimmune disorders

Which lymphocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

B cells

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except complement. inflammation. the skin. interferon. B and T cells.

Band T cells

Where are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins found? (Module 20.15C)

Class I MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells and class II MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

What is the effect of histamine release? (Module 20.12C)

Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area.

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages? Cartilage can constrict during an asthma attack. Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. It facilitates turning of the head. Large masses of air can pass through the trachea. Cartilage can change shape during sympathetic activation.

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

How do NK cells detect cancer cells? (Module 20.11B)

NK cells recognize cancer cells by the tumor-specific antigens on the plasma membranes of cancer cells.

________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

Distinguish between phonation and articulation

Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips.

What effect do pyrogens have in the body? (Module 20.13B)

Pyrogens induce fever, an increase in body temperature.

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.

Identify the types of phagocytes in the body, and differentiate between fixed macrophages and free macrophages. (Module 20.10A)

The body's phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury.

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract.

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages that compose the larynx.

The paired cartilages are the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform. The unpaired cartilages are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis.

Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except increased redness. increased pain. increased swelling. increased heat. decreased blood flow.

decreased blood flow`

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except decreased breath volumes on inhalation. water loss is reduced on exhalation. air is humidified on inhalation. air is warmed on inhalation. heat loss is reduced on exhalation.

decreased breath volumes on inhalation.

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except increased tendency to alveolar collapse. decreased number of dust cells. a decreased rate of gas exchange. increased surface tension in the alveoli. a loss of surfactant.

decreased number of dust cells.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Helper T cells do all of the following except enhance antibody-mediated immunity. destroy target cells using perforins. enhance cell-mediated immunity. activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells.

destroy target cells using perforins.

The openings to the nostrils are the

external nares

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called

fissures

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilium

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

Which cells produce antibodies? (Module 20.21B)

plasma cells

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except providing gas exchange. helping filter the air. helping warm the air. keeping out debris. keeping out pathogens.

providing gas exchange.

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the right breast. pelvic viscera. left breast. left side of the neck. left arm and shoulder.

right breast

Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty. (Module 20.3B)

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp