Chapter 20 APUSH Notes 1861-1865

Dominion of Canada (1867)

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States, emerged from the Civil War

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Thomas Jackson (Stonewall)

He was Robert E. Lee's best general, but was killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Possible that future battles would have been totally different if Stonewall had been there to help Lee.

Greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink.

Why did Lincoln say the Civil War was fought?

To prevent the EXPANSION of slavery

Trent Affair

Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats; tensions btw Britain & US eased w/ Lincoln's negotiations

Lincoln issues a call for troops to put down the rebellion

-75,000 militia men -president proclaimed blockade of southern ports -call for troops upset the South -Lincoln was now waging war

Bonds

-A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate -way of loaning the gov money -represents people having faith in the government

Indian territories sided with the confederacy

-Cherokees owned slaves and held similar interests -Confederate gov agreed to take over federal payments to the troops -in return, the tribes supplied troops - (some sided with the union)

Alabama (ship)

-Confederate ship "Alabama" was manned by Brits and never actually docked in the South -traveled the world and captured over 60 vessels. -diverted northern strength from the naval blockade -It was destroyed by a Union cruiser off the coast of France in 1864.

Confederate Government weaknesses

-Constitution had a defect (couldn't deny future secession of its own states -President Davis never enjoyed popularity and was at odds with his congress -talk of impeachment -overworked, could not handle his position

Fort Sumter

-Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War -April 12th,1861 cannon of the Carolinian's opened fire on the fort -Gave the north a "rally-cry", GAME ON

U.S. Sanitary Commission

-Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell -the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. -The commission helped professionalize nursing ---gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Discovery of Petroleum (1859)

-Lead to the fifty-niners to Pennsylvania

Border Slave States

-Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, West Virginia and Missouri. By holding these slave states in the Union, Lincoln kept open his lines to the free states and gained access to the river systems in Kentucky and Missouri that led into the heart of the Confederacy -Very beneficial to the union.

Clara Barton

-Nurse during the Civil War -founder of the American Red Cross -helped transform nursing into a respectful profession

Women in the Civil War

-Southern and northern women stepped up to work while the men were off fighting the war: operating farms/plantations, factory jobs. -Critical roles such as military nurses and volunteers in soldiers' aid societies. -Many women disguised as men to join before they were allowed.

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

-Stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union" -pledged there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it. -Said secession was impractical

Why did King Cotton diplomacy fail?

-Strong production in the prewar years -Enormous exports had piled up surpluses in British warehouses -Britain turned to other suppliers

National Banking System (1863)

-System that sold government bonds and designed a standard bank-note currency -First step towards a unified banking network since Jackson's Bank War (1836). -Financial landmark of the war -launched as a simulate to the sale of bonds

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

-The South fought to a point of exhaustion -Loss of wealth -Transportation collapsed

Laird Rams

-Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards -eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War. -If the ships were released, Adams warned that "this is war"

Southern Advantages in the Civil War

-better military leaders, -they were fighting on their own terrain/land (knowledge of the land) -Population of 9 million (3.5 million were slaves) Southerners were "born to fight" -foreign intervention (Europe wanted to see the American gov. fail)

Northern Economy

-excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol increased -income tax was levied for the first time -had the "lions share" of wealth

Northern Advantages in the Civil War

-stronger industrial base (factories) -better transportation (RR) -more states -larger population (22 million) -more money deposited -established military -Mass of working people in Europe pulled for the North (wanted the removal of slavery)

Morill Tariff Act

-superseding the low tariff of 1857 duties increased some 5-10% -to raise revenue and produce protection for manufacturing -protective tariffs became identified with the Republican party

First Conscription Law (1863)

-unfair to the poor -(war draft) -NYC had troubles with the draft -met with resentment and riots

Charles Francis Adams

An American diplomat who, as ambassador during the Civil War. He helped to keep the British from recognizing the Confederacy. In the Trent affair, he was instrumental in averting hostilities between the two nations.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Sally Tompkins

Confederate nurse who ran a hospital in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War

King Wheat and King Corn

Europe began to need food instead of cotton; the North had what they needed -More significant than king cotton -Britain was forced to import huge quantities of grain from America (cheap and abundant)

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. Invented 'total war"

Elizabeth Blackwell

an abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States

William T. Sherman

general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resoures, beginning of total warfare -captured Atlanta in 1864, helped Lincoln with his re-election -March to the sea

King Cotton Diplomacy

the South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the blockade