Chapter 20
Which statement describes insulin shock?
"Blood sugar is low"
Which statement indicates an understanding regarding the cause of Cushing syndrome?
"Cushing syndrome is caused by excessive production of cortisol."
Which statement indicates an understanding of the defects causing diabetes mellitus?
"Diabetes results due to a defect in insulin secretion or action."
The health care provider (HCP) instructs an individual with type II diabetes about risk for infections. Which statement would indicate that teaching was successful?
"I may not realize that a sore has developed on the bottom of my foot."
After reviewing the information in the chart, which assessment finding is a typical manifestation of diabetic neuropathy?
"I stumble because my feet are numb."
Which statement is true regarding neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
"It results from low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)."
Parents of an infant with congenital hypothyroidism ask what would happen if the infant was not treated. Which response by the health care provider (HCP) is appropriate)?
"It will cause mental retardation and stunted growth."
Which statement is correct regarding pituitary adenomas?
"Pituitary adenomas are usually microscopic."
Which response by the health care provider (HCP) is appropriate when an individual with Graves disease asks about autoantibodies?
"The autoantibodies bind to the thyroid cells and stimulate them to secrete thyroid hormones."
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching an individual about the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
"The cells in the pancreas that produce insulin have been destroyed."
An individual with type I diabetes asks the health care provider (HCP) what caused the condition. Which response by the HCP is appropriate?
"The immune system turned against the pancreas cells and destroyed them, so the body can't make any insulin."
Which statement describes the cause of the development of neurologic symptoms in an individual with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
"This state results from decreased plasma sodium concentration."
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching an individual diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus?
"You have the most common type of diabetes."
Which fasting plasma glucose result would suggest an individual may have diabetes?
126
Which client would be screened on a regular basis for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
A 12-year-old who has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome
The health care provider (HCP) is caring for an individual who had a transsphenoidal surgical removal of a growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenoma. Which individual is the HCP caring for?
A client with acromegaly
The identification of which manifestation indicates correct understanding of the cause for acromegaly in adults and giantism in children?
Adenoma in the pituitary gland
Which treatment would be appropriate for an individual with hypoparathyroidism?
Administration of calcium
In which population is acromegaly found?
Adults
Which individual is most predisposed to hypoparathyroidism?
An individual returning from thyroid surgery
Which finding would cause the health care provider (HCP) to check an individual with diabetes for hypoglycemia?
An individual who did not eat lunch
Which individual is at risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?
An individual who is morbidly obese
Which individual meets the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus?
An individual with a fasting blood glucose of 128 mg/dL
Which individual would be closely monitored for the development of diabetic ketoacidosis?
An individual with type 1 diabetes with an infection
Which individual would be treated with an oral hypoglycemic agent?
An individual with type 2 diabetes
Which pathophysiologic process would the health care provider (HCP) recall when assessing an individual with Addison disease?
An insufficient amount of circulating cortisol
Which hormone deficiency causes serum hyperosmolarity?
Antidiuretic hormone
The health care provider (HCP) is teaching the staff about the cause of primary Addison disease. Which information would the HCP include in the teaching session?
Autoimmune injury to the adrenal cortex is the cause of Addison disease.
Which type of immunity is responsible for the destruction of beta cells in an individual with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Autoimmunity
Which type of oral hypoglycemic drug is the drug of choice for type 2 diabetes?
Biguanides
Which piece of equipment would be used to assess an individual with pheochromocytoma?
Blood pressure cuff
Which type of diabetes insipidus (DI) results from damage to the posterior pituitary caused by a cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?
Central
Which macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus would the health care provider (HCP) monitor for in an individual with diabetes?
Cerebrovascular accident
Which medication is used to treat a patient who has incomplete antidiuretic hormone deficiency (ADH)?
Clofibrate
Which clinical manifestations will alert the health care provider (HCP) that an individual with type I diabetes is experiencing hypoglycemia?
Coma, confusion, diaphoresis, and tachycardia
Which complication would the health care provider (HCP) monitor an individual with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) for?
Convulsions, neurologic damage
Which term would be used to describe an individual who has clinical manifestations resulting from chronic exposure to hypercortisolism, regardless of the cause?
Cushing syndrome
Which finding is associated with diabetic neuropathy?
Decreased peripheral sensation
Which complication would the health care provider (HCP) suspect in an individual with a closed head injury who develops polyuria with a low urine specific gravity?
Diabetes insipidus
Which condition would be suspected in an individual who reports polyuria, nocturia, and poyldipsia?
Diabetes insipidus
Which clinical manifestation is associated with Graves disease?
Double vision
Which manifestations are signs and symptoms of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
Dyspnea, anorexia, and dulled sensorium
Which manifestations would the health care provider (HCP) expect to find in an individual with acromegaly?
Enlarged facial bones, coarse skin, and large hands and feet
Which clinical manifestations would be observed in an individual with acromegaly?
Enlarged tongue, institial edema, barrel-chested appearance
Which occurrence may cause blurry vision in an individual with diabetes?
Excessive accumulation of sorbitol
Which pathophysiologic process would the health care provider (HCP) consider when planning care for children with giantism and adults with acromegaly?
Excessive production of growth hormone
Which pathologic change is associated with stage III diabetic retinopathy?
Fibrous tissue formation within the retina
Which are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Fruity breath, kussmaul respirations
Which assessment finding would be expected in a women diagnosed with prolactinoma?
Galactorrhea
Which factors may cause endocrine abnormalities?
Gland dysfunction, faulty feedback system, altered metabolism of the hormones, and hormone production by nonendocrine tissues
Which diagnostic test is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Which diseases cause primary hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease, solitary toxic adenoma, and toxic multinodular goiter
Which condition may develop due to genetic risk factors?
Hashimoto disease
Which assessment finding would help the health care provider (HCP) determine if an individual has primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency
Hyperpigmentation
Which condition would the health care provider (HCP) monitor for in an individual with primary hyperaldosteronism?
Hypertension
An individual with Addison disease develops weakness. The health care provider (HCP) would attribute the development of weakness in an individual with Addison disease to which condition?
Hypocortisolism
Which acute complications would the health care provider (HCP) monitor for in an individual with diabetes mellitus?
Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hypersmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)
Which finding is typical in an individual with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion?
Hyponatremia
Which clinical manifestation would be expected in an individual diagnosed with myxedema coma?
Hypothermia
Which pathophysiologic process would the health care provider (HCP) consider when planning care for an individual with acute metabolic acidosis from insulin deficiency?
Increased amount of fatty acids delivered to the liver
Which pathophysiologic mechanism would the health care provider (HCP) consider when administering treatments to an individual experiencing a thyroid storm?
Increased catecholamines leading to heart failure
Which process contributes to polyuria in an individual with diabetes mellitus?
Increased glucose in the urine
Which manifestations are indicative of diabetes mellitus?
Increased third, hunger, and urine output
Which disease characteristics would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching a community group about type I diabetes mellitus?
Individuals are prone to diabetic ketoacidosis, results in insulin dependence, and most individuals are diagnosed before 30 years of age
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching the staff about treatment of type II diabetes mellitus?
Insulin injections may be needed because of beta-cell dysfunction later in the disease
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching staff about the two mechanisms responsible for the development of type II diabetes mellitus?
Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction
Which pathophysiologic process would the health care provider (HCP) remember when planning care for a woman with gestational diabetes?
Insulin resistance combined with inadequate insulin secretion in relation to hyperglycemia
Which medication would the health care provider (HCP) administer to an individual experiencing thyrotoxic crisis?
Iodine, beta-blockers
A health care provider (HCP) is preparing to teach staff about diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which information would the HCP include?
It is more common in type I diabetes and increased glycogenesis and ketogenesis are present
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) consider when planning care for an individual with congenital hypothyroidism?
It is the result of absent thyroid tissue
Which finding indicates that an individual with hypoparathyroidism is experiencing tetany?
Laryngeal spasm
Which laboratory result for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) would the health care provider (HCP) expect to find in an individual with Graves disease?
Low level in the blood
Which type of diabetes is caused by autosomal dominant mutations, affecting beta cell function or insulin action?
Maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY)
Which treatments would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching an individual diagnosed with type I diabetes mellitus?
Meal planning, insulin therapy, exercise therapy
Which information would be included in a teaching session about the treatment of Addison disease?
Medication treatment will be lifelong.
Which initial manifestation would alert the health care provider (HCP) that an individual with diabetes is experiencing kidney dysfunction?
Microalbuminuria
Which disorder occurs due to amyloidosis?
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Which finding would indicate that an individual with diabetes has a microvascular complication?
Nonproliferative retinopathy
The health care provider (HCP) is reviewing laboratory reports. Which individual would be at most risk for developing diabetes mellitus?
One with a serum glucose of 140mg/dL 2 hours after taking 75 grams of glucose
Which individual would be at risk for developing secondary hyperparathyroidism?
One with end-stage chronic renal disease
The health care provider (HCP) monitors an individual for pathologic fractures and renal calcium stones. Which individual is the HCP caring for?
One with hyperparathyroidism
Which individual would be closely monitored for the development of myxedema coma?
One with untreated hypothyroidism
Which condition results in hormone deficiency from lack of ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH?
Panhypopituitarism
An individual with type I diabetes states, "My feet are numb." Which condition would the health care provider (HCP) suspect?
Peripheral neuropathy
Which adrenal medulla disorder would be suspected in an individual with tachycardia, diaphoresis, headache, and elevated excessive circulating catecholamines?
Pheochromocytoma
Which condition includes visual changes and field impairments that often begin in one eye and progresses to the other?
Pituitary adenoma
Which assessment finding would the health care provider (HCP) expect to find in an individual with type I diabetes mellitus?
Polydipsia
Which assessment findings would indicate an individual has type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Polydipsia, paresthesias, recurrent infections, and elevated blood pressure
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching the staff about metabolic mechanisms that contribute to chronic complications of diabetes mellitus?
Polyol pathway, protein kinase C, hexosamine pathway, nonenzymatic glycation
Which manifestations are consistent with hypersmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)?
Poor skin turgor, no or slight ketosis, severe dehydration, neurologic changes
Which pathophysiologic process would the health care provider (HCP) consider when caring for an individual with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hromone (SIADH)
Renal retention of water without sodium
Which assessment findings would support the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Renal stones, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and pathologic fractures
Which treatment option would the health care provider (HCP) suggest to the parents of a child with hypopituitarism that is affecting the growth hormone?
Replacement of target gland hormones
Which signs would indicate an electrolyte imbalance in an individual with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone?
Serum calcium, renal stones, and urine pH
Which diagnostic test result supports the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Serum glucose level of 345 mg/dL
An individual with type 2 diabetes complains of blurred vision. Which mechanism would the health care provider (HCP) attribute as the cause of the visual changes?
Sorbitol accumulation in the lens
Which clinical manifestations would be observed in an individual with hypersmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)?
Stupor, hypokalemia, and severe dehydration
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include when teaching the staff the difference between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)?
The degree of insulin deficiency is more profound in DKA, and the degree of fluid deficiency is more marked in HHNKS
Which information would the health care provider (HCP) include in a teaching session on thyroid carcinoma?
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy
Which laboratory test would be used to determine the presence of primary or secondary hypothyroidism?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which alteration would be expected in an individual who has untreated Cushing syndrome?
Truncal obesity
Which type of diabetes involves beta-cell destruction from autoimmune T-cell-mediated disease?
Type I