Chapter 20

While the great majority of Indian Muslims remained adherents of the Sunni and Hanafi School of interpretation of Islamic law, there was also an influential presence in India.

Shiite

These discriminatory religious policies also created great distrust and many difficulties in dealing with self-governing, non-Muslim groups within the empire, most notably among the _________, who blended Hindu and Muslim traditions.

Sikhs

Under Akbar's leadership, the Mughal armies were able to bring the eastern, southern and western flanks of their lands into their fold and again anchoring Islam in the former areas of its influence, the heartland of Northern India, or _________.

Hindustan

The House of Timur's new rulers, especially his son Humayun, were now faced with the problem of consolidating, organizing, and administering Babur's vast domain. Unfortunately, Humayun's interests were geared more toward _________mysticism, poetry, astrology, and, at times, wine and opium than they were toward responsible leadership.

Sufi

In order to defend Hindustan, the Mughals built a series of fortresses throughout their inner domains and along the frontier. Which of the following is not the site of one such fortress?

Hyderabad

Aided by the ease of travel within the Mongol Empire, _________had, by the fourteenth century, become the dominant religion among the Central Asian Turkic peoples.

Islam

During the seventeenth century, all but one of the following European nations largely supplanted Iberian influence in the region:

Italy

After 1600, Akbar was faced with a domestic insurrection led by his own son Salim which nearly brought an untimely end to the latter's claims as heir apparent. In the end, however, Salim was able to prevail and ascended the throne as _________.

Jahangir

By borrowing heavily from Sufi mysticism, Persian court protocols, Zoroastrian sun and fire veneration, and even Muslim and Christian Neo-platonic spiritualism, Akbar's divine faith sought to:

Limit the power of Sunni Islamic clerics and draw followers from other religions

Aurangzeb's long rule renewed the Mughal trend of expanding into the Northeastern areas controlled by the Ahoms, whom he ultimately succeeded in converting into _________after a military standstill.

Mughal clients

Under Mughal rule, an elaborate, graded system of official ranks was created in which the recipients, called _________, were awarded grants of land along with the revenues those working the land generated.

mansabdars

Akbar's attempt to create a new divine faith was doomed to failure in part because:

many followers joined the new divine faith for opportunistic rather than spiritual reasons

The basic administrative unit of the Mughals was the _________, a unit comprising an area usually containing a town and from a dozen to about a hundred villages.

pargana

In the wake of the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the largest in world history, the Central Asian heartland of the Turkic peoples evolved into a _________, many of whose rulers claimed descent from Genghis Khan.

patchwork of smaller states

In the realm of the visual arts, and just like with the Safavid Persians and the Ottomans, one of the more interesting aspects of Islam as practiced by the Mughals is that, like the prohibitions regarding wine and other intoxicants, the injunctions against depicting the human form in art were often largely ignored in the _________

private chambers of the royal court

Under Aurangzeb, there were two major watershed trends: the start of an ongoing decades-long war with the Marathas, a federation of fiercely independent Central Indian clans; and his controversial bid for a more robust and legalistically effective _________of Mughal India.

"Islamification"

The Mughals' primary challenge for control over Hindustan and the crucial Silk Road trade came from the _________ princes and their Persian allies.

Afghan

The Mughals' expansion into Bengal foreshadowed a clash with a very different kind of enemy, the Shan people of Southeast Asia called the _________.

Ahoms

The Mughals gave India one of its most prolific eras in terms of profusion and synthesis of literary genres, with _________remaining the chief languages of literature.

Arabic and Persian

Great mosque projects also represent highlights of Mughal artistic sophistication and monumental scope. Among them are the Friday Delhi Mosque in Shahjahanabad and Aurangzeb's huge _________.

Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

Despite these internal conflicts, Aurangzeb's military prowess helped him to secure key areas that had long eluded Mughal efforts: Bijapur, Golconda and much of the Maratha lands of the _________region of South Central India.

Deccan

For Babur and his successors, their ruling family would always be "The House of Timur," prompting historians to sometimes refer to the line as the Timurids. However, because of their claims to the legacy of Genghis Khan, they would be better known to the world as the _________.

Mughals

The first European merchant ships to reach India in 1498 belonged to _________.

Portugal

Because of the difficulties involved in Humayun's own succession to the throne, his death was kept a secret for several weeks, while the court worked out plans for a _________ __, or the setting up of a guardian for an underage or incapacitated monarch to rule in his or her stead, for the emperor's son, fourteen-year-old Jalal ud-Din Akbar.

Regency

Akbar ordered the building of the city of Fatehpur Sikri to give thanks to and honor the memory of _________, a Sufi holy man who had predicted the birth of a male son to Akbar, on the site of the holy man's camp in the village Sikri.

Salim Chisti

After Jahangir's death in 1627, his son Khurram inherited the throne and reigned as Shah Jahan. His rule coincided with perhaps the high point of Mughal cultural power and prestige, as reflected in its iconic monument, the _________.

Taj Mahal

The desire for a new Mongol empire, now allied with Islam, created opportunities for military action to unite and settle the nomadic tribes of Chaghatay, leading to the rise in the fourteenth century of _________, or Tamerlane.

Temur Gurgan

A century before Akbar, Indian mathematicians had pushed their calculations of the value of pi to within nine decimal places, and expanded their facility with trigonometry to the point that some of the fundamental concepts of infinite series and _________had been worked out.

calculus

Fathullah Shirazi, a gifted Indian engineer, astronomer and philosopher:

came up with the concept for a multi-barreled gun âsimilar in design to that of Leonardo da Vinci

While this new philosophy did not end Akbar's military campaigns, which he saw as ordained by God, it ultimately did lead him to conducting spirited religious debates with his subjects and formulating a new religion he called _________, or "divine faith."

din-i ilahi

As was the case in China, the "inner" world of the household and the "outer" world of business, politics and warfare were clearly defined by_______.

gender

The Persian tradition of miniature painting flourished in Mughal India, as did larger works on a variety of surfaces, while charcoal sketches and the _________painting technique were the artistic media of choice.

gouache

A particular problem for the long term health of Humayun's dynasty was the _________, or the creation of a regular system for previously improvised or ad hoc activities or things, of traditional nomadic succession practices among the House of Timur's rulers.

institutionalization

Shah Jahan did away with the _________of former Mughal rulers and established a more legalistic and exclusively pro-Muslim environment more aligned with Sunni theology, a trend which would reach its pinnacle of power under the reign of Shah Jahan's own son, Aurangzeb.

religious pluralism

Akbar's Sufi mystical training had increasingly predisposed him toward tolerance and eclecticism, which gradually developed into a personal philosophy he called _________, or "at peace with all."

sulh-i kull

While relations between Muslims and India's other religions were syncretic, in that they co-existed but remained largely separate, the political and social systems created by the Mughals were in many respects a successful example of the _________of an "extraction state" and several centuries of ruling more settled areas.

synthesis

Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of the creation of a world trading system by the European maritime powers:

the Dutch and the British saw a sharp decline in their supremacy in India