chapter 20 homework

In the case of gastrointestinal disease, how can an intoxication be distinguished from an infection? An intoxication is usually apparent shortly after ingestion, while an infection takes longer. Infections are caused by heat-stable agents. An intoxication usually causes a fever, while an infection does not. Intoxications may be caused by endotoxin.

An intoxication is usually apparent shortly after ingestion, while an infection takes longer

The signs of opportunistic HAI's with Gram-negative bacteria typically include high fever, inflammation, tissue edema, low blood pressure and DIC. What common structural characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria is directly or indirectly responsible for these signs? Fimbriae Peptidoglycan Phospholipid Lipid A Flagellin

Lipid A

Which component of a Gram-negative cell wall can cause fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting. The periplasm Peptidoglycan Lipid A The inner membrane

Lipid A

Which of the following occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria? Phospholipids Peptidoglycan Lipopolysaccharide Integral proteins Lipoteichoic acid

Lipopolysaccharide

Which of the following media is used to isolate Gram-negative organisms? mannitol salt agar plate tryptic soy agar plate blood agar plate MacConkey's agar plate

MacConkey's agar plate

How can members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae be distinguished from each other? Members of Pasteurellaceae cause some of the most important healthcare-associated infections, while those of Enterobacteriaceae rarely do. Members of Enterobacteriaceae are bacilli, while Pasteurellaceae are cocci. Members of Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase negative, while those of Pasteurellaceae are oxidase positive. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are most commonly found in the human respiratory tract.

Members of Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase negative, while those of Pasteurellaceae are oxidase positive

How is gonorrhea experienced differently in men and women? Women typically have a thick white discharge, while men experience painful urination. Gonorrhea frequently causes infertility in men, but only rarely in women. Men experience painful urination and pus discharge, while women are often asymptomatic. Men are more likely to contract the disease than women.

Men experience painful urination and pus discharge, while women are often asymptomatic.

A male patient comes into the clinic complaining of painful urination and a purulent discharge. A sample of the discharge is taken to the lab and after Gram-staining pink spheres in pairs are observed. Which of the following organisms is most likely causing the infection? Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pneumoniae Escherichia col

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gonorrhea is usually a sexually transmitted disease caused by the organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Which of the following statements regarding the transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is FALSE? Neisseria gonorrhoeae is commonly transmitted through the sharing of needles during drug use or by contaminated blood products. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be transmitted via direct contact during sexual intercourse. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be transmitted to a child by direct contact by an infected mother during birth. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be transmitted through autoinoculation from the reproductive tract to the rectum.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is commonly transmitted through the sharing of needles during drug use or by contaminated blood products.

A twenty-year-old patient exhibiting headache, stiff neck, vomiting, and convulsions has Gram-negative diplococcal bacteria in her spinal fluid. The nurse practitioner will likely diagnose infection with Cryptococcus. Haemophilus. Streptococcus. Neisseria.

Neisseria.

Protection against Neisseria or Haemophilus meningitis can be provided by antimicrobials. vaccines. serological tests. healthy carriers.

vaccines.

Based on the recommendations in this textbook, which antibiotic would be the treatment of choice for this disease (gonorrhea)? doxycycline cephalosporin erythromycin trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

cephalosporin

Virulence factors associated with this organism include all of the following, EXCEPT __________. (gonnorhea) flagella capsule endotoxin fimbriae

flagella

What is the best way to prevent the spread of this infection? All food handlers are required to clean restrooms at the beginning of their shift. All food handlers are required to wash their hands thoroughly after using the restroom. All food handlers are required to wear gloves to protect themselves from any potential bacteria in the lunch meat .All food handlers are required to wash their hands thoroughly after sneezing.

All food handlers are required to wash their hands thoroughly after using the restroom.

Who do you think would be more likely NOT to recognize the symptoms of gonorrhea: a man or a woman? Why? Because of her particular anatomy, the normal discharge associated with the female reproductive tract, plus the fact that more women are asymptomatic for gonorrhea, a woman would be less likely to recognize the symptoms as being gonorrhea and seek treatment. Because of a woman's anatomy, it is harder for her to contract gonorrhea from a man, so she would be less likely to suspect it as a cause for her symptoms. Because men normally have discharge from the penis on a regular basis, a man may not recognize this as abnormal and fail to seek treatment. Because males most often have pain with urination as one of their main symptoms, they could confuse these symptoms with those of a urinary tract infection rather than gonorrhea.

Because of her particular anatomy, the normal discharge associated with the female reproductive tract, plus the fact that more women are asymptomatic for gonorrhea, a woman would be less likely to recognize the symptoms as being gonorrhea and seek treatment.

Why are women more likely to contract urinary tract infections than men? Because men have fewer bacteria than women in their intestinal tract Because the bacteria in women are more motile than the bacteria in men Because the bacteria in women are more resistant to antibiotics than those in men Because the female urethra is shorter and the entrance is close to the anus

Because the female urethra is shorter and the entrance is close to the anus

What is the best way to prevent pertussis? Prophylactic antibiotics Immunization Covering a cough Good hand hygiene

Immunization

Why did his sexual partners believe they were not infected with a STD? Females develop signs of blindness and cataracts. His partners had been drinking beer and felt they were invincible, but not very coherent. Clinical signs/symptoms in females are often not detectable, especially early in the infection. The female partners were on birth control pills and thought they were protected against STDs.

Clinical signs/symptoms in females are often not detectable, especially early in the infection.

The organism isolated from the sprouts is oxidase negative, motile, ferments glucose and lactose, and cannot utilize citrate. What organism is it? Enterobacter aerogenes Salmonella enterica Shigella sonnei Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

What structural characteristics common to Gram-negative bacteria may trigger the acute inflammatory response? External polysaccharides Lipid A Mycolic acid Teichoic acid

External polysaccharides Lipid A

Most microbes that reside in the intestines are facultative or obligate anaerobes. Describe the growth of facultative anaerobes in the presence of and also in the absence of molecular oxygen. Facultative anaerobes grow equally well in the presence of and in the absence of molecular oxygen Facultative anaerobes require the absence of molecular oxygen. Facultative anaerobes can grow without molecular oxygen, but grow faster in its presence. Facultative anaerobes require a small amount of molecular oxygen.

Facultative anaerobes can grow without molecular oxygen, but grow faster in its presence.

__________ are the primary means by which Neisseria gonorrhoeae attaches to the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract. Flagella Fimbriae Capsules Endotoxins

Fimbriae

What is the best way to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) by members of the Enterobacteriaceae? Precautions to prevent contact with respiratory droplets Good hand hygiene Prophylactic antibiotics Immunization

Good hand hygiene

What is the role of the capsule of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis? It triggers the formation of superoxide radical and peroxide ions that cause damage to cells. It triggers fever, vasodilation, inflammation, and shock. It facilitates formation of a biofilm and helps the bacterium evade phagocytosis. It inhibits protein synthesis in host cells, resulting in cell death.

It facilitates formation of a biofilm and helps the bacterium evade phagocytosis.

What is the function of the type III secretion system in E. coli O157:H7? It introduces proteins directly into neighboring bacteria. It introduces virulence proteins directly into host cells. It is a pilus that allows for conjugation of pathogenicity plasmids. It secretes toxins into the space between host cells and causes cell damage.

It introduces virulence proteins directly into host cells.

What part of the body is infected in patients with pyelonephritis? Urethra Kidney Prostate Bladder

Kidney

The LPS, or endotoxin, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is slightly different from most Gram-negative organisms because of the absence of repeating O-antigens; hence, it is called LOS instead of LPS. How could LOS be a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae? LOS is a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae because it has fewer O-antigens than LPS, which allows it to be released from the outer membrane more easily. LOS is a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae because when released, it inhibits the alternative complement pathway and inhibits the immune response. LOS is a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae because during the course of the infection, the LOS is released by autolysis. The release of LOS (endotoxin) and the damage it causes to host cells is the major cause of most of the symptoms of gonorrhea. LOS is a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae because it is slightly different than LPS and can cause damage while still within the outer membrane of the cell.

LOS is a major virulence factor for Neisseria gonorrhoeae because during the course of the infection, the LOS is released by autolysis. The release of LOS (endotoxin) and the damage it causes to host cells is the major cause of most of the symptoms of gonorrhea.

Considering the fact that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has so many virulence factors, why is it not a more common source of infection in the general public, rather than only an opportunistic pathogen? P. aeruginosa is not motile, so it cannot swim away from phagocytes. P. aeruginosa cannot penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or evade the body's other defenses. P. aeruginosa is highly susceptible to antibiotics, so infections can be treated easily. P. aeruginosa is easily consumed by phagocytes, and therefore is not a big threat.

P. aeruginosa cannot penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or evade the body's other defenses.

What is the characteristic sign of pertussis? Paroxysmal cough Fever Severe vomiting Signs and symptoms of cold

Paroxysmal cough

What is the natural host for Yersinia pestis? Fleas Humans Rodents Larger mammals

Rodents

Which of the diseases caused by truly pathogenic noncoliform Enterobacteriaceae is most commonly associated with pet reptiles and contaminated eggs? Shigellosis Typhoid fever Plague Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis

A man comes to the clinic with an oozing wound he got while preparing dinner. The doctors at the clinic suspect infection with E. coli and treat him with an antibiotic. The man goes home and his symptoms improve, so he discontinues the antibiotic. Within a few days he becomes gravely ill with shocklike symptoms such as fever, hypotension, high heart rate and fatigue/mental confusion. Why did the man become so sick after taking the antibiotic that was supposed to make him better? The initial E. coli infection was resistant to the antibiotic and the man became more ill. The man developed a secondary infection due to his weakened immune system from fighting the first infection. The man discontinued his antibiotic and the infection rebounded, causing his symptoms. The antibiotic given to the man and the man's own immune response caused the lysis of the E. coli cells and release of endotoxin (LPS). This caused his secondary symptoms of endotoxic shock.

The antibiotic given to the man and the man's own immune response caused the lysis of the E. coli cells and release of endotoxin (LPS). This caused his secondary symptoms of endotoxic shock.

Of the pathogenic forms of Escherichia coli, the strain O157:H7 is the primary cause of hemorrhagic colitis, or bloody diarrhea, and can progress to the often fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). What is the main reason for the severity of illness from this strain of E. coli? The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to kill off the nonpathogenic strains of E. coli and colonize the host. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to produce Shiga-like toxin, which causes an intense inflammatory response in the gut. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to hide from the host immune system. The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to adhere very tightly to the cells lining the gut, which allows it to multiply rapidly.

The main reason for the severity of illness comes from the ability of this particular strain of E. coli to produce Shiga-like toxin, which causes an intense inflammatory response in the gut.

Even though Escherichia coli can cause, on occasion, severe human disease, there is no vaccine developed for it. Why do you think this is? There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because there are not very many antigenic determinants on the surface of the cell that are suitable for making antibodies. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because there are simply too many strains to make an effective vaccine that would eliminate it. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because there is a capsule that coats the surface of the cell, hiding the antigens from the immune system. There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because it is an advantageous part of our normal intestinal flora

There is no vaccine developed for Escherichia coli because it is an advantageous part of our normal intestinal flora

How do the structural characteristics of pathogenic Neisseria species contribute to their ability to cause disease? They make the bacteria more resistant to antimicrobial drugs. They prevent blood clotting. They help bacteria escape a phagolysosome. They facilitate attachment to human cells.

They facilitate attachment to human cells.

Members of the Enterobactericeae produce siderophores. What function do siderophores perform? They cause diarrhea. They facilitate bacterial replication by obtaining iron from host cells. They protect bacteria from phagocytosis. They lyse blood cells.

They facilitate bacterial replication by obtaining iron from host cells.

What characteristic do all coliform bacteria share? They grow best at 20°C. They are anaerobic. They ferment lactose. They are cocci.

They ferment lactose.

How was this disease (gonorrhea) transmitted? This disease is spread through contaminated swimming pool water. This disease is spread by aerosol transmission on a windy day. This is a disease transmitted by eating contaminated hamburger. This is most commonly transmitted by unprotected sex.

This is most commonly transmitted by unprotected sex.

How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted? Through direct contact Through sexual contact Through respiratory droplets Through contaminated needles

Through respiratory droplets

Which toxin of Bordetella pertussis inhibits cells that line the trachea? Pertussis toxin Adenylate cyclase toxin Dermonecrotic toxin Tracheal cytotoxin

Tracheal cytotoxin

Over 90% of urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by Escherichia coli strains. UTIs are 14 times more common in women than in men. Why do you think this is? UTIs caused by E. coli are 14 times more common in women than in men because the temperature of urine in men is less than body temperature, which is less favorable for the growth of E. coli. UTIs caused by E. coli are 14 times more common in women than in men because E. coli does not adhere to the man's urethra as well as the woman's. UTIs caused by E. coli are 14 times more common in women than in men because women have a shorter urethra than men and the proximity of the urethra to the anus is much closer in women. UTIs caused by E. coli are 14 times more common in women than in men because the pH of a woman's urinary tract is more favorable for the growth of E. coli.

UTIs caused by E. coli are 14 times more common in women than in men because women have a shorter urethra than men and the proximity of the urethra to the anus is much closer in women.

All of the following make the treatment of gonorrhea more complicated than it was in the past except __________. an increase in cellular virulence factors prophylactic use of antimicrobials increasing antibiotic resistance lack of long-term specific immunity

an increase in cellular virulence factors

Which of the following is the best way to avoid infection by Neisseria meningitidis? avoidance of crowded living conditions avoidance of contact with animal blood and organs avoidance of ticks and other insect vectors avoidance of unprotected sexual activity

avoidance of crowded living conditions

Which of the following is the final event in only some Salmonella infections? multiplication within endocytic vesicles bacteremia attachment to epithelial cells lining the small intestine expression of type III secretion system proteins

bacteremia

What are swollen, painful lymph nodes called? Ghon complexes in the lungs tabes hives buboes

buboes

The Texas Department of Health has isolated Yersinia pestis from wood rats and prairie dogs in West Texas and the Texas panhandle. In addition to the fever, chills, and severe headache, this patient has developed hemorrhages under the skin. What disease is this camper likely to have? septicemic plague bubonic plague tularemia pneumonic plague

bubonic plague

Which of the following is not a disease generally associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae? dysentery ophthalmia neonatorum pharyngitis meningitis

dysentery

What is the recommended medication for treatment of this disease griseofulvin acyclovir erythromycin gentamicin

gentamicin

Which of the following is a characteristic of all enterics? motility capsule formation bacillus shape glucose fermentation

glucose fermentation

A 20-year-old male reports to his physician that he has experienced painful urination, as if he were urinating molten solder. He has also noticed a pus-like discharge from his penis. A stained smear of the discharge is shown in the photo. The patient reports having been sexually active with two or three women in the previous six months. Because his partners reported being "absolutely sure" that they wouldn't get pregnant and carried no sexually transmitted diseases, the patient had not used a condom. What disease does this patient have? What is the common name for this disease? gonorrhea; " the clap" genital herpes; "crabs" syphilis; "tabes" chlamydia; "red eye"

gonorrhea; " the clap"

How do Salmonella and Shigella infections differ? Shigella can cause bacteremia, while Salmonella does not. Salmonella causes pus-containing bloody stools, while Shigella causes constipation. Shigella often causes fever, while Salmonella does not. Salmonella replicates inside intracellular vesicles, while Shigella replicates in the cytoplasm.

not sure

What is the recommended course of therapy? e coli soft food diet oral fluids intravenous fluid replacement antibiotics

oral fluids

Which of the following is a reservoir for the natural endemic cycle of Yersinia pestis? tick flea dog rat

rat

Which of the following does not play a role in diagnosing meningitis? sputum sample cerebrospinal fluid spinal tap Gram stain

sputum sample

The CDC recommends immunization against all of the following meningococcal strains except __________. strain A strain B strain C strain Y

strain B

Petechiae directly result when Neisseria meningitidis invades which of the following? the gastrointestinal tract the cerebrospinal fluid the bloodstream the respiratory tract

the bloodstream

Gonorrhea is often asymptomatic in women because __________. women secrete large amounts of IgA in their mucus the cervix is usually the site of infection the organism is avirulent in women scar tissue forms in the uterine tubes

the cervix is usually the site of infection

A patient diagnosed with bacterial meningitis likely was infected through sexual activity .the digestive system .the skin. the respiratory route.

the respiratory route.