Chapter 20 Lymphatic System Mastering

have many appendages like tree branches, and collect antigens to deliver to lymph nodes for recognition by immune cells

Dendritic cells

Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition in which blood plasma levels of albumin are abnormally low. One cause of this disorder is the increased movement of plasma albumin into the interstitial space through leaky blood capillaries. How would this condition affect the volume of lymph that is produced?

It would increase lymph volume.

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

Red bone marrow

What are the functions of the lymph node and associated lymphatics

The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system

Which tonsil is located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and is referred to as the adenoids if it is enlarged?

The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and is referred to as the adenoids if it is enlarged.

Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?

The spleen harbors macrophages that ingest and recycle materials from erythrocytes that have aged or become damaged.

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) as the site where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent T cells?

The thymus gland is the site where T lymphocyte precursors mature to become immunocompetent T lymphocytes.

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymph organ?

The thymus is a primary lymph organ, as it is the site of T-cell maturation.

Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life?

The thymus is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes, and while it is large in youth, it tends to be reduced in size as the body ages.

Which of these lymphoid organs is part of a collection of tissues called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and removes pathogens entering the pharynx (throat)?

The tonsils function to protect the throat and surrounding tissues from infection via the mouth and nose.

Of the following lymphoid organs, which is/are structurally simplest and lack(s) a complete capsule?

Tonsils lack a complete capsule. The epithelium overlying tonsils invaginates deeply into their interior to form crypts where bacteria and particulate matter are trapped to be destroyed in the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils.

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

bone marrow and thymus

What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk return lymph?

cisterna chyli -The cisterna chyli passes lymph from the entire body below the diaphragm into the thoracic duct for return to the heart.

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

Lymphatic capillaries are present in ________.

digestive organs

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

islets of Langerhans

chyl-

juice

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.

lingual tonsils

Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________.

lymph nodes

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

lymph nodes

lymph-

lymph, lymphatic tissue, or lymphocytes.

Vessels that collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood stream are called

lymphatics

Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?

lymphatics collect larger materials -Lymphatics can collect and carry large materials, even some cellular debris, that cannot penetrate the walls of veins. Inflammation further increases their permeability.

Both types of lymphocytes are found in the

medullary cords

med-

middle

What is the unique structural modification in lymphatic capillaries that increases their permeability?

minivalves -Minivalves are loosely overlapping endothelial cells that allow fluid into the vessels but that do not let fluid out.

Which lymphoid cells produce antibodies?

plasma cells

dendr-

resembling a tree

From the right leg, lymph moves in which order?

right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.

severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb

Liquefied fat, called chyle, is carried by lacteals from the

small intestine to the blood stream

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?

small, heart-like pumps -There is no direct pumping action in the lymphatic system. Movement of fluid depends on factors such as gravity and body movement.

Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?

the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions -The neck, inguinal area, and armpits have large clusters of lymph nodes to protect major areas of the body. They are located where collecting lymphatic vessels converge to form trunks.

Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?

the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and the right thorax

Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ?

thymus

Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________ that trap bacteria and particulate matter.

tonsillar crypts

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen