Chapter 20 McKinley Anatomy

A

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be: A. above normal. B. below normal.

D

Valves in veins: A. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. B. are the leading cause of high blood pressure. C. are found only in the largest veins. D. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. E. are formed of the tunica media.

C

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body. A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries D. capillaries and veins E. capillaries and arteries

B

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate: A. baroreceptors to activate the vasomotor center. B. chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center. C. baroreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the cardioacceleratory center. D. chemoreceptors to inhibit the vasomotor center. E. baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center.

A

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood. A. deoxygenated B. oxygenated C. lymph but not

E

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk? A. Left gastric and splenic arteries B. Left gastroepiploic and splenic arteries C. Left gastric and common hepatic arteries D. Left gastric, left gastroepiploic, and splenic arteries E. Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

E

. The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the: A. transverse colon. B. transverse colon and descending colon. C. sigmoid colon. D. sigmoid colon and ascending colon. E. transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

A

A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels. A. vasa vasorum B. companion vessels C. distributing arteries D. fenestrated arteries E. thoroughfare channels

C

A portal system: A. includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis. B. is a simple circulatory system with an areriovenous anastomosis. C. is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart. D. is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal) vein. E. is one in which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region.

C

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers. A. 1 B. 10 C. 100 D. 1000

C

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the: A. fossa ovalis. B. ligamentum arteriosum. C. ligamentum teres. D. ligamentum venosum. E. medial umbilical ligament.

B

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure. A. similar B. opposite

C

Angiogenesis: A. is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow. B. involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion. C. allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue. D. involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region.

C

Angiotensin II causes: A. increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation. B. decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation. C. vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst. D. decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation. E. vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thirst.

B

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins: A. get smaller. B. get larger. C. show no change in their lumen size.

A

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries: A. get smaller. B. get larger. C. show no change in their lumen size.

C

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure: A. increases, as blood hydrostatic pressure rises. B. increases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure rises. C. decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases. D. decreases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases. E. remains the same, as rises in blood osmotic pressure are offset by declines in tissue osmotic pressure.

B

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor: A. constricts local arterioles thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow. B. stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow. C. dilates local arterioles thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow. D. inhibits precapillary sphincters to relax and decreases local blood flow. E. constricts precapillary sphincters and thereby increases local blood flow.

D

At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx. A. lumbar B. posterior intercostal C. subclavian D. median sacral E. femoral

B

Atherosclerosis involves a: A. sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant. B. sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. C. sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. D. sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure. E. sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates: A. vasoconstriction, increased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure. B. vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure. C. vasoconstriction, decreased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure. D. vasodilation, decreased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure. E. vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and therefore increased blood pressure.

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to: A. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption. B. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. C. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration. D. the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed. E. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles.

B

Blood flow is: A. directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance. C. inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. D. inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance.

B

Blood pressure is lowest in: A. arteries. B. veins. C. arterioles. D. venules. E. capillaries.

B

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels. A. cm/second, directly B. cm/second, inversely C. liter/min, directly D. liter/min, inversely

A

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n): A. simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ. B. simple pathway, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein. C. anastomosis, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ. D. anastomosis, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein.

B

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries: A. more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered. B. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed. C. the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary.

A

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to: A. reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid. B. filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid. C. connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries. D. regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline.

A

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur? A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases. B. Blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases. C. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases. D. Blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases.

A

Excitation of the vasomotor center results in: A. increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation. B. increased parasympathetic activity and predominantly more vasodilation than vasoconstriction. C. increased autonomic activity that increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels. D. decreased autonomic activity that decreases heart rate and constricts blood vessels. E. redistribution of blood flow away from the skeletal muscles and toward the skin.

A

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be: A. regression of blood vessels in adipose and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. B. angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. C. regression of blood vessels in both adipose and skeletal muscle. D. angiogenesis in adipose and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. E. changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression.

A

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would: A. be higher than normal. B. be lower than normal.

B

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be: A. 70 mmHg. B. 80 mmHg. C. 90 mmHg. D. 100 mmHg. E. 110 mmHg.

C

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be: A. 125 mmHg. B. 5/3. C. 50 mmHg. D. 40 mmHg. E. 100 mmHg.

B

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result? A. Baroreceptors increase firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vessels will dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow. B. Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase. C. Baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding. D. Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows and blood is redirected.

D

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would be: A. high viscosity and therefore have high resistance. B. high viscosity and therefore have low resistance. C. low viscosity and therefore have high resistance. D. low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.

C

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg? A. Decreases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. B. Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasoconstriction. C. Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. D. Decreases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasoconstriction. E. Increases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasodilation.

B

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the: A. tunica externa. B. tunica media. C. tunica intima. D. tunica adventitia. E. None of these because all the layers are of the same dimension

B

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show: A. a decrease in the relative amount of smooth muscle and an increase in the relative amount of elastic fibers. B. an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers. C. an increase in relative amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibers and a decrease in endothelium. D. a decrease in both smooth muscle and elastic fibers and an increase in areolar connective tissue.

B

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure. A. decreases B. increases C. will not affect

D

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the: A. blood hydrostatic pressure minus the tissue hydrostatic pressure. B. colloid osmotic pressure in the blood divided by resistance in the tissue. C. blood pressure times the total peripheral resistance. D. net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure. E. osmotic pressure in the tissue minus the hydrostatic pressure in the blood.

C

Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of: A. exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells. B. pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles. C. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. D. active transport (using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells.

C

Peripheral resistance is: A. directly related to both vessel length and radius. B. inversely related to both vessel length and radius. C. directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius. D. inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius.

E

Precapillary sphincters will: A. control blood flow into the true capillaries. B. cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule. C. open when the tissue needs nutrients. D. close when the tissue's needs have been met. E. All of these answers are correct

D

Pulmonary arteries are shorter and wider than systemic arteries. Accordingly, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is: A. high and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange. B. high and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange. C. low and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange. D. low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

C

Renin converts: A. antiotensin I to antiotensin II. B. angiotensin II to angiotensin I. C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. D. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin. E. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen.

D

Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels? A. Celiac trunk B. Bronchial arteries C. Left gastric artery D. Superior mesenteric artery

ABD

Sinusoids are found in: a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin

B

Superior phrenic arteries supply the ______ and emerge from the _____. A. diaphragm; descending abdominal aorta B. diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta C. stomach; descending abdominal aorta D. pancreas; descending abdominal aorta E. esophagus; descending thoracic aorta

B

Systolic blood pressure is recorded: A. in arteries and is the minimum pressure that is recorded during ventricular relaxation. B. in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction. C. in veins and is the maximal pressure recorded during atrial contraction. D. in veins and is the minimum pressure recorded during atrial relaxation. E. in both arteries and veins and is the maximum pressure recorded during diastole of the heart.

E

Tendons and ligaments have: A. a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing. B. a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and slow healing. C. a high degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing. D. a low degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing. E. a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

C

The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. A. tunica media B. tunica externa C. tunica intima D. tunica adventitia E. None of the answers is correct

B

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. A. tunica media B. tunica externa C. tunica intima D. tunica interna E. None of the answers is correct.

E

The _________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein. A. cephalic vein B. radial veins C. ulnar veins D. brachial veins E. basilic vein

B

The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the: A. posterior cerebral arteries. B. anterior cerebral arteries. C. vertebral arteries. D. basilar artery and the internal carotid artery. E. posterior communicating artery and the middle cerebral artery.

B

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries. A. axillary, subclavian B. radial, ulnar C. radial, brachial D. ulnar, brachial E. axillary, brachial

D

The artery pair that supplies the lower limbs are the: A. common carotids. B. internal iliac arteries. C. subclavian arteries D. external iliac arteries. E. vertebral arteries.

D

The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery. A. inferior mesenteric B. right gastric C. common hepatic D. superior mesenteric E. splenic

A

The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the: A. brachiocephalic artery. B. right common iliac artery. C. right brachial artery. D. right coronary artery. E. superior vena cava

A

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery. A. basilar B. external carotid C. maxillary D. superficial temporal E. internal carotid

AD

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the: a: Internal jugular veins b: Right sigmoid sinus c: Left sigmoid sinus d: Subclavian veins e: Traight sinus

B

The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _____ artery. A. jugular B. maxillary C. lingual D. occipital E. internal carotid

B

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the: A. cardioacceleratory center from which parasympathetic pathways extend. B. cardioacceleratory center from which sympathetic pathways extend. C. vasomotor center from which parasympathetic pathways extend. D. cardioinhibitory center from which sympathetic pathways extend. E. All of the choices are correct.

C

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the: A. brachiocephalic artery. B. subclavian arteries. C. common iliac arteries. D. common carotid arteries. E. None of these answers is correct.

C

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it: A. merges with the popliteal vein. B. merges with the internal iliac vein. C. passes above the inguinal ligament. D. passes above the tenth thoracic vertebra.

B

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel: A. is called the pulse. B. is called the blood pressure. C. increases the further the vessel is from the heart. D. is greater during diastole. E. is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein.

C

The function of the postcapillary venule is to: A. allow for diffusion of nutrients to the tissues. B. allow for diffusion of metabolic wastes from the tissues. C. drain the capillary bed. D. supply metarteriole with blood. E. allow for diffusion of nutrients and metabolic wastes.

C

The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of: A. drugs and toxins in the blood so that they are secreted directly into the urine. B. bacteria that grow in the large intestine but need to be regulated. C. nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal system into the blood. D. hormones that are secreted by glands and must be directed to their target organs.

A

The internal thoracic artery will become the _________, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall. A. superior epigastric artery B. inferior epigastric artery C. anterior intercostal arteries D. musculophrenic artery E. None of these answers is correct

C

The largest arteries of the body are classified as: A. muscular arteries. B. arterioles. C. elastic arteries. D. muscular and elastic since they have the same dimensions. E. None of these answers is correct.

C

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the: A. superior vena cava. B. great saphenous vein. C. inferior vena cava. D. common iliac vein. E. obturator vein.

B

The popliteal artery supplies the: A. hip joint. B. knee joint. C. elbow joint. D. palmar region.

A

The pulmonary trunk carries: A. oxygenated blood from the left ventricle toward the lungs. B. oxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs. C. oxygenated blood from the lungs toward the left atrium of the heart. D. deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs. E. deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart.

A

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form ________ veins; all of these veins are _______ veins. A. brachial, deep B. brachial, superficial C. cephalic, deep D. cephalic, superficial

C

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires: A. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both increase. B. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both decrease. C. intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases. D. intra-abdominal pressure decreases and intrathoracic pressure increases.

D

The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _______ veins. A. internal thoracic B. inferior epigastric C. lumbar D. brachiocephalic E. internal jugular

C

The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies). A. one, one B. two, two C. one, two D. two, one E. two, three

D

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is: A. rapid, due to their small total cross sectional area. B. rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremeties. C. slow, due to small total cross sectional area, low friction and high pressure. D. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

A

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can: A. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. B. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor. C. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. D. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.

C

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as: A. bradykinins are released to trigger vasoconstriction. B. nitric oxides are released to trigger vasoconstriction. C. thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction. D. prostaglandins are released to trigger vasodilation. E. vasopressins are released to trigger vasodilation.

A

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth? A. Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close B. Rapid myocardial tissue growth stimulated by pregnancy hormones C. A rise in fetal oxygen levels, which triggers growth of the epithelial lining D. An increase in endothelial mucous production, which forms a plug E. Migration of connective tissue from the right atrioventricular valve

A

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale? A. The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium. B. There is a valve that directs the blood that way. C. The fetus is in an antigravity situation provided by the amnionic fluid. D. The blood pressure in the left atrium is greater than in the right atrium. E. The umbilical arteries have valves.

A

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate: A. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs. B. vasodilation so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system. C. vasoconstriction so that they function as blood reservoirs. D. vasoconstriction so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system.

ADF

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane

E

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava? A. Hepatic portal vein B. Splenic vein C. Inferior mesenteric vein D. Superior mesenteric vein E. Hepatic veins

C

Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta? A. Foramen ovale B. Ductus venosus C. Ductus arteriosus D. Umbilical vein E. Umbilical artery

C

Which is the most common type of capillary? A. Fenestrated B. Sinusoids C. Continuous D. Venules E. Discontinuous

C

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae? A. Elastic arteries B. Arterioles C. Muscular arteries D. Elastic and muscular arteries E. Elastic arteries and arterioles

D

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood? A. Pulmonary arteries B. Pulmonary veins C. Systemic arteries D. Systemic veins

B

Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot? A. Deep femoral a., medial planar a., posterior tibial a., plantar arterial arch B. Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a. C. Internal iliac a., deep femoral a., poplitial a., posterior fibular a. D. Lateral sacral a., femoral a., hamstring a., tibial a., dorsalis pedis a. E. Femoral a., saphenous a., azygous a., anterior tibial a.

E

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage? A. Axillary artery - brachial artery - subclavian artery - ulnar artery B. Brachial artery - subclavian artery - axillary artery - radial artery C. Axillary artery - subclavian artery - radial artery - ulnar artery D. Subclavian artery - brachial artery - axillary artery - radial artery E. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

B

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? A. Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure. B. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. C. Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. D. The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood. E. Two of these statements are accurate.

B

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow? A. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body. B. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels. C. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters. D. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute. E. Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body.

B

Which statement is accurate? A. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. B. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. C. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. D. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.