Chapter 20 - one community ecology: species interactions

Pioneer species

are the species organisms that tend to be the first to appear in early succession. Pioneer species tend to be small, well-suited to bare environments , good reproduce quickly.

Disturbance

Are events that change communities such as : •removing organisms •abiotic disturbances: fire, flood, **** a link irruption, bulldozing, paving. •introducing new organisms

endoparasites

Are parasites that live inside of their host.

Ectoparasites

Are parasites that live outside the host.

Commensalism

In commensalism, one species benefits, and the other is not affected.

Mutualism

In mutualism, both interacting species benefit.

parasitism

In parasitism, one species, the parasite, feeds on, but does not always kill another species, the host.

Predation

Is an interaction in which one organism(the predator) captures the needs of all or part of another individual organism(the prey)both predator and prey continue to evolve in the never ending battle to survive. "Survival of the fittest"

Genetic diversity

Is the amount of variation within the genetic material of a given population, Gene Pool. Affects a populations ability to adapt faced with environmental change.Evolution by natural selection acts on genetic variation.

Secondary succession

Is the change in the existing community following a disturbance. It occurs in the areas where the original ecosystem has been cleared by disturbance but, the soil layer remains. These disturbances may be natural; fire, volcanic eruption, or man-made; logging, mining, or bulldozing.

Primary succession

Is the development of a community is an area that has not supported life previously, such as Bare rock, a sand dune, or an island formed by volcanic eruption. Soil is not initially present in areas undergoing primary succession.

ecological succession

Is the gradual, sequential growth or regrowth of a community of species in an area over time.

species richness or diversity

May improve a communities stabilityby having more links between it's organisms. The links will spread out the effects of the disturbance.

Competition

Occurs when two or more organisms, of the same or different species, use the same limited resource. Species that is best adapted to use the resource or prevent its competition from using the resource will survive.

There are three types of symbiosis

Parasitism mutualism commensalism

There are five major types of interactions among species:

Predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism.

Species richness

Refers to the number of unique species in an area.

Species evenness

Refers to the relative number of individuals of each species in an area.

Biodiversity

Refers to the variety of life found in one area.

Pollution

Air pollution is blamed for causing: ozone Thinning, global warming, smog, acid precipitation.

Valuing biodiversity

- Food, homes, fuel from trees, medicine and useful chemicals.undiscovered species may provide other benefits.

Symbiosis

Symbiosis is a close,Long term relationship between two organisms.

Climax community

The community proceeds through a predictable series of stages to reach is a stable end point.

Environmental science

The study of interaction between humans and their own environment.