Chapter 20: The Progressive Era, 1890-1920, Chapter 21- Progressivism
Describe the scandal ridden Harding presidency.
"return to normalcy" in the sense that it brought back crippling corruption in the oval office. It was just another punch in the face to the American citizens who were already long past exhausted
How did the woman suffrage movement evolve? Put the following events in chronological order to illustrate how the movement changed over time.
- Wyoming Territory extends equal voting rights to women. - The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is formed. - Nine western states grant women full suffrage rights. - New York allows women to vote in all elections.
What did Aldrich Support
- the conservative republicans to higher protective tariffs\
New Social Gospel
-1870-1920 -movement led by a group of liberal protestant progressives in response to the social problems raised by the rapid industrialization, urbanization and increasing immigration of the Gilded Age
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act
-1909 -began in the United States House of Reps as a bill raising certain tariffs on goods entering US -named after Rep Sereno E. Payne (NY) Sen. Nelson Aldrich(RI) -compromise between proposals of NY and RI
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
-1909 -dispute between US forest Service Chief (Pinchot) and US secretary of the Inferior(Ballinger) -contributed to the split of the Republican party before the 1912 election -helped to define the US conservation movement in the Early 20th century -Taft fires Pinchot which makes TR furious
Hull House
-Chicago -helped to educate immigrants by providing history, art and literature classes -established by Jane Addams and Ellen Starr -served as an information bureau -helped the unemployed find jobs -pressured politicians for improved city services for their neighborhood
Health Reforms
-Child Labor Laws/all labor laws -safety regulations -birth control -pure food and drug acts
Environmental Reforms
-IWC -National park services -involvement in mining and lumbar companies -conservation/preservation
Economic issues addressed in the Jungle
-Monopolies -no stable jobs
Richard Ballinger
-Taft's secretary of the Inferior -planned to sell natural forests -Ratted out to the press by Pinchot
The New Nationalism Platform
-US history, political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt -exposal of active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the under privileged -strongly influenced by Herbert Croly's "The Promise of American Life" -attempted to reconcile the liberal and conservatives of the Republican party
Robert La Follette(Fighting Bob)
-US navy rear admiral for Great White fleet Commander -Progressive politician -served as the member on House of Reps. -Governor of Wisconsin and US senator from Wisconsin
What did the hull house offer to its attendees
-baths, cheap food, child care, job training -health care to poor citizens
The Jungle
-book about meat packaging factories -written by upton Sinclair -1906 -first intentions were not to describe the terror of the meat packaging but the effects it had on its workers
Reform Darwinism
-considered to be the opposite of social Darwinism -recognized that the fittest could be those who cooperated with eachother -Focused on community action -was used to support colonization and imperialism -secures survival
What did the prohibition of rebates in the Elkins act do
-ensured all customers paid the same rate -made it illegal for railroads to give rebates to favored companies
Committee of Public Information
-established during Woodrow Wilson's administration to stir up patriotism -using posters, pamphlets, cartoons, press releases April 17, 1917: used to promote war domestically while publicizing American War arms abroad: underleadership of Muckraker journalist(George Creed)
Florence Kelley
-formed the National Consumer League -boycotted all products produced in factories that employ children or use child labor
Social issues addressed in the Jungle
-issues with consumers and their social status(not being rich enough... too poor) -divided social classes(little to no upward movement) -alcohol and physical abuse
How did social Darwinism support colonization and imperialism
-justified the exploitation of lesser beings and superior races
political issues addressed in the Jungle
-no government oversight on companies (Laissez-Faire) -One person controlled most or all aspects on the process(leadership role issues)
Effects of the Strike
-owners one by one agreed to the demands of the workers but at Triangle they were not allowed the Union Rep -Feb 23 -Triangle decided to accept increased wages and better hours
original social gospel
-practiced by the Christian faith as a call not just to personal conversation but to social reform
What did Payne Support
-president Taft and progressives to lower tariff rates
Bull Moose Party
-progressive party -Theodore Roosevelt "Trust Buster" -split the Republican party and their votes
Margaret Sanger
-promoted Birth control -an American activist, sex educator, writer and nurse -opened the first birth control clinic in the US -established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America
Characteristics of progressives
-purification of the government -modernization -a focus on family and education -prohibition -women's suffrage
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
-response to panic of 1907 -National Monetary commission -Federal Reserve Act -federal reserve system -gave government control over monetary banking systems in accordance with progressive era trends -created an established the Federal reserve system
Keating Owen Labor Act
-sought to address child labor by prohibiting the sale of in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories the employed children under fourteen, mines that employed children under sixteen and any facility where children under fourteen worked after 7 pm or before 6 am or more than 8 hours daily
What did they seek with the strike
-standardized work day -better wages -improved working conditions and Union Reps
Jim Crow Laws
-state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the southern united states -enacted after the reconstruction period -continued until 1965 -many states and cities could improve legal punishments on people for mingling with other races -the most common types forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners to keep races separate
Examples of community action involved in social Darwinism
-state planning -eugenics -racial science -breeding programs
The Children's Bureau
-the first federal agency dedicated to the welfare of children -addressed some of the Nation's most pressing social issues DEALT WITH: -early emphasis in infant mortality -dependent children -child labor
Carrie Chapman Catt
-worked as a teacher to pay her way through Iowa state college -worked in the school system and for newspapers before joining the national suffrage movement in 1887 - took over the NAWSA and helped to get the 19th amendment
What did Robert La Follette support
-workers compensation, railroad reform, minimum wage, corporate regulation -an open direct primary system (ended the party boss control) -trade unions as a check to the power of large corporations -made state taxes more fair and equitable -closed business loopholes and strongly regulated RR rates -sought presidency in 1908
How did nativism lead to a quota system? Who specifically did the system target?
. Nativism led to a quota system due to the fear and disliking of foreign peoples, leading to the immigration of them being strictly limited. The system specifically targeted Southern and eastern Europeans.
Governmental Reform due to progressive era
1. 16th-19th Amendments 2. ICC 3. Income tax 4. federal reserve act of 1913
Social Reforms due to the Progressive Era
1. Social Gospel Movement 2. Settlement Houses 3. Child Labor laws 4. Florence Kelley
Economic Reforms due to progressive era
1. Unions 2. Abuses of Big Businesses 3. Trust Busting 4. Standardizing wages
political reforms
1. Woman's suffrage 2. progressive party 3. New Freedom Reforms 4. Recalls to get rid of bad politicians
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
1881 -Alabama -focused on training African Americans in agricultural pursuits
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 -US federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry -regulated it monopolistic practices -act required that railroad rates be reasonable and just -did not empower the government to fix specific rates
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 -Louisiana -Plessy refused to sit in Jim Crow car -Supreme court established -"separate but equal" laws
Elkins Act
1903 -US federal Law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 authorizing the ICC to impose heavy fires on railroads that offered rebates and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates -prohibited the railroads from accepting rebates
Hepburn Act
1906 -federal law that gave the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates and extended its jurisdiction -led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers -gave the ICC the power to regulate other companies -ICC could now view the RR financial records (simplified by standardized book keeping) -allowed ICC to extend authority to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, RR sleeping carts, express companies and all pipelines
National Women's Party (NWP)
1912 -created by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns -schooled by the british suffrage movement -appointed to the national American women suffrage association congressional committee
Scopes Trial
1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee high school biology teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.
Scopes Trial
1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. It was a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in the public schools.
margin
90% loan, cause of the stock market crash of 1929
Al Capone
A mob king "Scarface" in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.
Isolationism
A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs.
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. It was centered in Harlem NY.
Anarchists
A person who opposes all forms of government.
Double Standard
A set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women-required women to observe stricter standards of behavior than men did. During the 1920's, women were pulled between the new standards and the old.
Which of the following ideologies did suffragists incorporate into their movement?
Activists used the social gospel to make a case for women's suffrage.
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
Margaret Sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. An active part of the Progressive Movement, she coined the term "birth control" and challenged the Comstock Act of 1873 which prohibited the sale of contraceptives.
Alice Paul
American suffragist feminist and women's rights activist main leader for the 1910 campaign of the 19th amendment -she won a large degree of success with the inclusion of women as a group protected by discrimination by the civil rights act of 1964 -addresses issue like birth control
What were some ways youth had fun in the 1920s?
Amusement Parks like Coney Island, Music and Dance, fashion, automobiles, leisure time.
Communism
An economic and political system based on a one party government and state ownership of property.
Speakeasies
Bars that operated illegally during the time of Prohibition. They could be found everywhere. Once inside, people had to speak quite or "easily" to avoid detection. Inside, one would find a mix of middle class and upper middle class men and women.
Flapper
Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Coined the term "jazz age" to describe the 1920s. He wrote This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby. These novels revealed the negative side of the periods gaiety and freedom.
12. How did life become more convenient in the 1920s?
Consumerism is the theory that it is economically attractive to encourage the attainment of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. American Consumerism increased during the Roaring Twenties due to technical advances and innovative ideas and inventions in the areas of communication, transportation and manufacturing. Americans moved from the traditional avoidance of debt to the concept by buying goods on credit installments. Mass advertising and marketing techniques via the 1920's newspapers and the radio saw a massive increase in sales via easy consumer credit.
Which of the following social groups did women's suffrage most often exclude?
Correct Answer(s) - African American women Incorrect Answer(s) - women in western states - feminists - middle- and upper-class women
Which of the following represent progressive policies that Taft successfully enforced during his presidency?
Correct Answer(s) - Bureau of Mines - the breakup of the Standard Oil Company - Mann-Elkins Act Incorrect Answer(s) - Ballinger-Pinchot controversy - Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Identify how Wilson pursued his anti-trust goals.
Correct Answer(s) - He attempted to strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. - He developed the Federal Trade Commission to identify and rectify unfair trade practices. Incorrect Answer(s) - He attacked labor unions with the Clayton Anti-Trust Act to try to appease corporations and gain support for his anti-trust policies. - He increased the protective tariff to promote U.S. business interests.
How did the "Wisconsin idea," proposed by Wisconsin governor Robert M. La Follette, help progressives achieve "a happier and better state to live in"? And how did it seek to ensure "that its institutions are more democratic, that the opportunities of all its people are more equal, [and] that social justice more nearly prevails"?
Correct Answer(s) - It used experts to provide politicians across the state with nonpartisan research, and to help in the drafting of legislation. Incorrect Answer(s) - It reformed the asylum system and improved the way mentally ill people were treated. - It allowed women in Wisconsin to vote in state and local elections. - It regulated businesses to improve working conditions.
Analyze the image of government inspectors. Bad meat. Which of the statements does it support about progressivism?
Correct Answer(s) - Progressives believed in the regulation of the economy to promote the public well-being. - Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) was an example of effective progressive muckraking that spurred government action. Incorrect Answer(s) - Progressives believed that key institutions like meatpacking facilities should be run by the government. - Roosevelt sought to break up monopolies.
What factors helped encourage the passage of child labor and workplace safety laws?
Correct Answer(s) - Progressives on the National Child Labor Committee lobbied for legislation to prohibit the employment of children. - A sweatshop fire killed over 100 young workers in an unsafe work environment.
In 1901, Roosevelt invited civil rights leader Booker T. Washington to the White House, to the outcry of white Southerners. How did Roosevelt's subsequent actions affect his relationship with the African American population?
Correct Answer(s) - Roosevelt appealed to southern whites and their racist sentiments, which angered the African American community. - African Americans opposed Roosevelt's decision to dishonorably discharge an entire regiment of African American soldiers. Incorrect Answer(s) - African Americans supported Roosevelt in large numbers because of his commitment to equality.
Analyze the image depicting Roosevelt as Greek mythological hero Hercules, who as a baby strangled serpents that were sent to kill him. The serpents here represent pro-corporation senator Nelson Aldrich and Standard Oil's John D. Rockefeller. Which of the following arguments are supported by this image?
Correct Answer(s) - Roosevelt sought to limit the power of big corporations. - Some contemporaries saw Roosevelt as an active president who engaged in strenuous—even heroic—activities. Incorrect Answer(s) - Roosevelt's support of the union in the 1902 coal strike led contemporaries to see him as just another snake in the grass. - Roosevelt hated all big business and sought to "strangle" industrial capitalism through regulation.
How did religious leaders and institutions contribute to the progressive movement?
Correct Answer(s) - They adopted the social gospel, which held that religious organizations and individual Christians were obligated to lead the effort in helping the poor. - They supported the right of workers to unionize. - They provided assistance to poor Americans. Incorrect Answer(s) - They preached to the poor to encourage them to turn their lives around and find jobs. - They supported Social Darwinism.
How did socialist ideas influence the progressive movement in the United States?
Correct Answer(s) - They introduced "progressive taxation" as a solution for closing the income gap between the rich and poor. - They created a focus on the need for improving working conditions. Incorrect Answer(s) - They called for the government to own large corporations to improve working conditions. - They wanted massive tax cuts for the wealthy so they would spend more and pump money into the economy. - They called for the corrupt government to keep out of the affairs of businesses.
How did women's clubs pursue progressive goals?
Correct Answer(s) - They sought to develop laws to protect women in the workplace. - They encouraged governments to provide services to the poor. - They educated the public on issues relating to public sanitation. Incorrect Answer(s) - They created efficient regulatory agencies for big business. - They helped women get elected to many high-ranking government positions.
What were some of the major issues progressives wanted to fix?
Correct Answer(s) - Wealth and power were unequally distributed. - Unregulated urban growth was creating social ills. - Businesses were unregulated and were corrupting politics. Incorrect Answer(s) - African Americans did not enjoy the same rights and privileges as whites. - America lacked the industrial power of other nations.
How did the flaws in the progressive movement shape its motivations?
Correct Answer(s) - Wealthy, well-educated reformers' viewpoints were limited by their ethnic and class prejudices. - Progressives were rarely motivated to address racial inequality. Incorrect Answer(s) - Many progressives wanted the government to stay out of the affairs of the general public. - Progressives supported legislation that benefited industrial leaders at the expense of society at large.
In November 1914, a delegation of African American leaders visited the White House. In this delegation was William Trotter, a Harvard-educated, African American newspaper editor who had helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Trotter said to Wilson, "Have you a 'new freedom' for white Americans, and a new slavery for 'your Afro-American fellow citizens'? God forbid." Which of the following statements are supported by this quotation?
Correct Answer(s) - Wilson believed that race segregation was good for both blacks and whites. - Many in the progressive movement carried racial, ethnic, and class biases. Incorrect Answer(s) - Wilson differed from Roosevelt, who had taken bold action on behalf of African American rights during his presidency. - As a result of Wilson's policies, African Americans stopped their traditional support of Democratic politicians in the South, which harmed his reelection in 1916.
Identify how Wilson's progressive policies differed from those of Taft and Roosevelt.
Correct Answer(s) - Wilson supported strict anti-trust laws. - Wilson succeeded in lowering the tariff, unlike his Republican predecessors. Incorrect Answer(s) - Wilson was opposed to conservation and sought to open government lands to corporate development. - Wilson was more supportive of African American rights than Taft.
What were the unintended consequences of running governments more efficiently with the city-manager plan?
Correct Answer(s) - Working-class voters felt disenfranchised. - Local governments provided fewer services to citizens. Incorrect Answer(s) - Cities became a miserable place to live, as governments were no longer responsive to the needs of the people. - The cost of hiring a city manager was far more than the manager could save by running the government efficiently.
Which of the following were elements of Roosevelt's Square Deal?
Correct Answer(s) - conservation of natural resources like water or forests - vigorous use of Sherman Anti-Trust Act - greater control by government of corporations - regulations of food and medicines to protect consumers - attacks on cronyism
Which of the following were issues that motivated progressive reformers?
Correct Answer(s) - women's suffrage - social ills of rapid urbanization and industrialization - political corruption - the consumption of alcohol - the power of large corporations - economic inequality Incorrect Answer(s) - free coinage of silver
How did organized crime grow in the 1920s?
Crime grew as a result of prohibition. Bootlegging empires like Al Capone's started and continued to expand controlling cities. During the 1920s, headlines reported 522 bloody gang murders, he was part of the famous Valentine Massacre.
Clarence Darrow
Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.
Describe the spirit of the Coolidge presidency.
During the Coolidge presidency, the standard of living soared, and innovation led the way for the future to come. People were prospering, and Americans were finally getting a taste of the goof life they had lost for so long. Spirits were very high during this presidency.
Socialist Party Candidate
Eugene V. Debs supported -progressivism -prohibition -labor laws
Who coined the term "The Jazz Age"?
F. Scott Fitzgerald
In an effort to improve the democratic process, progressives supported initiatives to allow members of the public greater administrative control in local government.
False
Journalists were referred to as muckrakers because Americans did not trust the press and believed their work to be of poor quality.
False
Like Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, who established Chicago's Hull House, founders of settlement houses believed that charitable works and Christian fellowship could adequately address the issues of urban poverty.
False
Prior to 1918, Wilson and Roosevelt supported the woman suffrage movement and helped suffragists achieve considerable success, particularly in western states.
False
Progressives all shared the same goals and approved of the same tactics needed to achieve those goals.
False
Progressives did not want the government involved in solving societal problems because many problems stemmed from corruption in the government and in big businesses.
False
Roosevelt's unpopularity among African American voters convinced him not to run in the 1908 election because it was unlikely that he would be victorious.
False
Nativism
Favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people. America for native-born Americans only.
Identify Wilson's policies that were victories for the progressive movement.
Federal Highways Act - allowed farmers to transport their goods more easily Sixteenth Amendment - helped offset lost revenue due to the reduction of the tariff Federal Farm Loan Act - provided long-term farm loans Adamson Act - shortened the workday for railroad workers
Palmer Raids
Federal agents supported by local police rounded up large groups of suspected radicals, often based on membership in a political group rather than any action taken. Undercover informants and warrantless wiretaps (authorized under the Sedition Act) helped to identify several thousand suspected leftists and radicals to be arrested. A dozen prominent lawyers including Felix Frankfurter and Roscoe Pound endorsed a report that condemned Palmer's Justice Department for the "utterly illegal acts committed by those charged with the highest duty of enforcing the laws" including entrapment, police brutality, prolonged incommunicado detention, and violations of due process in court.
17. How did flappers rebel against the earlier styles and attitudes of the Victorian age?
Flappers rebelled against the earlier styles and attitudes of the Victorian age by taking part in activities and doing things that would usually be considered to be reputation-ruining for women of the Victorian age. Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with men, some began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex—actions that would have ruined their reputations not many years before. They danced the fox trot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Frances Willard: wanted voting power to establish institutions to aid the poor and involvement in labor issues -causes: alcoholism impact on women and family (abuse) perception as a disease not a sin social action is necessary Fought for: labor conditions social actions womens voting rights
Why did Roosevelt choose to vigorously enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
He wanted to break up companies that acted in unfair and illegal ways.
How did each of the following contribute to Roosevelt's trust-busting efforts?
Hepburn Act - The government was allowed to limit railroad freight rates. Square Deal - Roosevelt set out to use the government to regulate corporations. He wanted to champion the ideal of "fair play" in business and politics. Bureau of Corporations - The government had a way to monitor large corporations. Elkins Act - The railroads were no longer allowed to give secret refunds to certain customers.
Quota
In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.
Complete the passage below to describe how the Populist party contributed to the progressive movement.
In the 1890s the United States experienced a depression that caused massive unemployment and widespread poverty. The Populist party differed from the progressive movement in that the Populists were popular in the South and West while the progressive movement was nationwide and more urban. The Populists were interested in political reform like the direct election of senators. Progressives adopted many of these reforms in the twentieth century.
16th 17th 18th 19th Amendments
Income Tax, Popular election of Senators, Prohibition, Suffrage
How did each of the following measures improve the democratic process?
Initiative - allowed voters to create petitions to add proposals to the ballot Recall - allowed voters to remove corrupt officials from office Direct Primary - allowed everyone in a party to vote in primary elections Referendum - allowed voters to vote on proposals created by citizens Seventeenth Amendment - allowed the people to elect senators directly
Why did prohibition fail?
It could not be enforced not enough policemen or law enforcement officers.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.
What is the goal of the Ku Klux Klan?
Its goal was to preserve the white, Protestant civilization and instigate the re-establishment of white supremacy. The second era of the KKK promoted the ideology of 'Americanism' and targeted African Americans, Mexicans, 'New Immigrants', Asians, Jews, Catholics, Asians and any radical "un-American" groups. The rebirth and resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan peaked at 4 - 5 million members but by 1928 its membership had dropped to a few hundred thousand members.
Muckrakers
Journalists who used the media to expose corporate and political wrong doings
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
In what region of the nation did women first gain full suffrage rights?
Left Side
Settlement Houses
Major Purpose: -to help assimilate the transition of immigrants into the labor force by teaching them middle-class American values
Complete the passage below to describe how the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which was led by Frances Willard from 1879 to 1898, and other temperance organizations evolved over time.
Many progressive women believed alcohol caused crime, political corruption, and domestic violence. The temperance movement initially sought to encourage responsible drinking. Eventually, women formed the Anti-Saloon League, which, along with the WCTU, championed the national prohibition of alcohol. Congress eventually approved a constitutional amendment that prohibited alcohol.
Triangle Shirt Waist Factory
March 25, 1911 -600 workers in total : 175 were trapped, 145 were killed -Fire Marshall warned that the codes were broken -there was no way to get out of the sweat shop -Following the devastation, it helped to get new safety regulations and worker safety laws were established -sparked reform
Which of the following describe how the muckrakers contributed to the progressive movement?
Muckrakers educated the public about the problems society faced.
Why did the Great Migration take place, and who was involved in it?
New opportunities presented in the Northern cities. African Americans were involved in it, as they wanted to escape the oppressive South and move to a new, Jazz filled north that looked like a city of gold to them. For the first time in their lives, these African American would have the opportunity to have a job, and possibly make a name for themselves through the arts, music, and sport like baseball.
How did this effect northern cities
Northern cities became more populated, mostly with African Americans. The cities and their populations were then forced to recognize the racism and prejudice that still plagued the south, which many northerners were beginning to ignore.
Bootleggers
People who produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages illegally during the era of Prohibition. They were named for a smuggler's practice of carrying liquor in the legs of boots.
How were people's civil rights trampled by A Mitchell Palmer?
People's civil rights were trampled by Mitchell Palmer due to his attempt to crack down on the foreign ideals that threatened American life. Palmer's organization hunted down suspected Communists, socialists, and anarchists. They trampled people's civil rights, invading private homes and offices and jailing suspects without allowing them legal counsel. Hundreds of foreign born radicals were deported without trials.
Complete the passage below to describe how progressives use Taylorism to achieve their goals.
Progressives championed the practice of "scientific management," developed for industry by Frederick Winslow Taylor, to promote government reform. Taylorism had helped businesses run more effectively by improving productivity. Progressives used Taylorism to make the government more efficient and made sure that experts took over some positions previously held by political appointees. This reduced waste and corruption.
How did the mass media and mass culture help Americans create a sense of national community in the 1920s?
Radio and the news media enabled people nationwide to experience the same entertainment, and sports.
Complete the passage below to describe events leading to the formation of the Progressive party.
Roosevelt was angry with Taft's policies and developed a set of principles known as New Nationalism. Roosevelt tried to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912. When the party chose Taft as its candidate, Roosevelt and his supporters formed a party with progressive goals such as women's suffrage, a minimum wage, and other social reforms.
Why did Roosevelt's progressive policies anger lumber companies?
Roosevelt's environmental conservation movement upset lumber companies because it prevented them from logging in certain areas.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money.
Andrew Mellon
Secretary of the Treasury, business partner of Henry Frick, and third wealthiest person in the United States, who came into office with a goal of reducing the huge federal debt from World War I. He believed in lower taxes and less government regulation and served through all three Republican presidencies of the 1920s.
How did the following progressive reforms contribute to the promotion of social justice in the United States?
Sixteenth Amendment - income tax created by Congress to redistribute wealth and prevent the richest Americans from controlling all the nation's wealth National Consumers League - educated Americans about child labor and poor working conditions Temperance Movement - campaign against the evils of alcohol
How did each of the following contribute to the progressive movement?
Socialists - supported better working conditions The Ys and the Salvation Army - developed charities to provide services to the community and those in need Mugwumps - fought for "honest government" Journalists - educated the public by exposing corruption
17. Describe some of the art and music that came out of the Harlem Renaissance.
Some of the art that came out of the Renaissance was new styles of writing by African Americans that described life I the ghettos and inspired African Americans everywhere to resist and make an uprising to fight the racial prejudice and unrest within America. Some poets such as Langston Hughes described the difficult life of the working class African Americans. Also, African Americans became affiliated with the performing industry and ended up creating and having lead roles in many successful stories. Lastly, the music that came out of this era was Jazz, which captured northern America's heart.
KKK
Southern society formed in 1866 to prevent freed men and women from exercising their rights and to help whites regain power; revised in the 1920's to terrorize foreigners, Catholics, Jews, etc.,
Identify the actions Taft took that angered Roosevelt.
Taft fired Gifford Pinchot and allowed federally protected lands to be used for commercial interests.
Analyze the election maps. Compare the results of the elections of 1896 and 1912. What factors contributed to Woodrow Wilson winning states that had traditionally voted Republican?
The Republican party wasn't unified.
How did the radio change everyday life?
The United States Radio Industry began in 1913 when American engineer, Edwin Armstrong, invented a special circuit. It required earphones so only one person could listen at a time. Vacuum tube radios could drive loudspeakers, which allowed the entire family to listen to it together. In just a few short years nearly every home had one and this brought about many cultural and social changes to America.
Volstead Act
The _____________ _____ was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States
What was the overall compromise
The act had the effect of reducing tariff rates but also enacted a corporation tax
How did family life change during the 1920s?
The birthrate declined. Social and technological innovations simplified household labor and family life vacuum, washing machines, refrigerator, electricity. Stores overflowed with ready-made clothes, sliced bread, and canned foods. Public agencies provided services for the elderly, public health clinics served the sick, and workers' compensation assisted those who could no longer work.
What was the conflict between fundamentalists and those who accepted evolution?
The conflict was based on the ideology of whether not evolution should be taught in school v.s creationism. These two ideas directly contradicted each other, thus causing conflict.
Lost Generation
The generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, a high proportion of whose men were killed during those years. This generation included artists and writers who came of age during the war such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, T. S. Eliot, Aldous Huxley, Erich Maria Remarque, J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and the composers Sergei Prokofiev, Paul Hindemith, George Gershwin and Aaron Copland.
Which of the following reflects progressives' beliefs about the ideal role of the government, despite the variety of their goals and methods?
The government should be responsive to the needs of the people and address the ills of society.
NAWSA
The national woman suffrage association -Feb 18, 1890 -created to work for women's suffrage -created by two merging organizations: (NWSA and AWSA)
Prohibition
The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment (18th Amendment)
Who took the fall for the Teapot Dome scandal? What did he do?
The person responsible was Albert B. Fall, who secretly leased the land to two private oil companies, including Henry Sinclair's Mammoth Oil Company at Teapot Dome. Although Fall claimed that these contracts were in the government's interest, he suddenly received more than $400,000 in "loans, bonds, and cash." He was later found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post.
Red Scare
The promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism. In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism in the years immediately following World War I. Nearly 6500 "radicals" were arrested and sent to jail; some sat in jail without ever being charged a crime while nearly 500 immigrants were deported.
How did the quota system violate the first amendment of the Constitution?
The quota system violated the first amendment due to the fact that immigrants and foreign people were denied citizenship and being an American due to their political and/or religious beliefs.
Urban Sprawl
The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions.
Bull Moose Party Candidate
Theodore Roosevelt: -supported Minimum wage -workers compensation act -child labor laws -created a domestic program called the square deal
Why did progressive leader Jane Addams believe churches and charities were "totally inadequate to deal with the vast numbers of the city's disinherited"?
There were too many people who needed help. Churches and charities could not reach them all.
What was Sacco and Vanzetti accused of? Do you think they did it?
They were Immigrants from Italy who were anarchists. Sacco and Vanzetti were accused of robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusetts.
Calvin Coolidge
Took over after President Harding, and he fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well. He favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand.
Despite success in reforming the political system, progressives failed to adequately regulate big business in the 1890s.
True
Roosevelt used the power of the federal government and the military to end strikes, despite questions surrounding the constitutionality of such action.
True
Woodrow Wilson campaigned under the idea of New Freedom, a program that held that all trusts should be broken up, while Roosevelt and Taft supported law-abiding trusts.
True
Warren G. Harding
US president whose administration was clouded in the scandal, many historians believed the job was too much for him
Charles Lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean
Charles Lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)
Complete the passage below to describe how muckrakers informed Roosevelt's policies on the regulation of the food industry.
Upton Sinclair wrote a novel that revealed the horrors of the meatpacking industry in 1906. Roosevelt was inspired by the journalist's work and encouraged Congress to pass two laws that would regulate the industry. The Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act allowed the government to inspect food and medicine.
Langston Hughes
Was the Harlem Renaissance's best known poet. Many of his poems described the difficult lives of working class African Americans. Some of his poems moved to the tempo of jazz and the blues.
Ernest Hemingway
Was wounded in WWI and became the best known expatriate author. He wrote The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. In these novels he criticized the glorification of war and introduced a simplified style of writing.
Difference Between Washington and Du Bois
Washington: believed that African Americans should stand back and get an education and allow for the whites to slowly allow them to integrate Du Bois: focused on civil rights/liberties and activism -wanted opportunities for all African Americans -Niagra Movement: meeting outside of US to ensure neutral status of segregation
Republican Candidate
William Howard Taft: supported: -conservative -tariffs -taxes -government regulated
Which of the following describes Wilson's reason for creating the Federal Reserve System?
Wilson wanted to prevent banks from failing during panics.
What was Wilson's motivation for creating the Underwood-Simmons Tariff?
Wilson wanted to reduce the tariff in order to promote competition. He believed that a high tariff supported monopolies and high prices. The Underwood-Simmons Tariff also led to the creation of the income tax.
Democratic Party Candidate
Woodrow Wilson: supported: -a reform program -greater economic opportunity for all -ensured the tradition of limited governments -did not support womens suffrage WON THE ELECTION
Fundamentalists
_________________________, skeptical of some scientific discoveries and theories, argued that all important knowledge could be found in the Bible. They believed that the bible was inspired by God, and that therefore its stories in all their details were true. Their beliefs led ____________________________ to reject the theory of evolution. The claim they found most unbelievable was that humans had evolved from apes. They pointed to the Bible's account of creation, in which God made the world and all its life forms, including humans, in six days.
Fundamentalism
a Protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are literally true.
What is the square deal
a domestic program supporting: -the conservation of natural resources -control of corporations -consumer protection
F. Scott Fitzgerald
a novelist who coined the term " The Jazz Age". His wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. His novel,The Great Gatsby is considered a masterpiece about wealth, decadence, materialism, the class system and love during the 1920s.
What is a rebate
a sum of money secretly paid back by a railroad company to a favored shipper as a refund upon his freight rate -favoritism towards certain shippers
16th Amendment
allows the congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among states or basing it on the United States Census
W.E.B Du Bois
became the first African American to earn a Ph.D from Harvard University -cofounded the NAACP(1909) -The Souls of Black Folk: 14 essays
1912 Election
beginning of Bull Moose Party Republican votes were split allowing for a democrat to win: Woodrow Wilson
Booker T Washington
born a slave on April 5, 1856 -went to school as a young boy and became a teacher -Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute -called that African Americans should accept disenfranchisement and social segregation as whites allow them economic progress -an advocate for African americans and getting them a good vocational education in a skill and mastering that skill
17th Amendment
established the popular election of US senators by the people of the states -supersedes the constitution under which senators were elected by slate legislatures
18th Amendment
established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United states by declaring the production, transport and sale of alcohol illegal
What did reformers like Billy Sunday feel would be gained by prohibition?
known as being one of the major promoters of temperance. His preaching was theatrical. He threw objects. He was animated. He was excited. And he was effective. One of his most famous sermons was "Booze, or, Get on the Water Wagon." That sermon convinced many people to quit drinking. Sunday said ' I am the sworn, eternal and uncompromising enemy of the liquor traffic.
preservation
maintain their present conditions, areas of Earth that are so far untouched by humans.
Why did the labor movement lose its appeal during the 1920s?
much of the workforce consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor conditions, unions had difficulty organizing immigrants due to their multitude of languages, farmers who migrated to cities were used to relying on themselves, and most unions excluded African Americans.
Who were "Reds" and why was everyone scared of them?
people who believed in a communist government and society. Everyone was scared of them because they threatened American ways of life
According to progressives, what was the main source of the crisis facing the United States?
powerful corporations
19th Amendment
provides men and women equal voting rights
Why did Americans become fearful of outsiders following World War 1?
radical political movement sand ideologies such as socialism, communism, and anarchism were viewed as European in origin and as potential threats to political stability in the United States
conservation
the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wild life, water, air and earth deposits both renewable and nonrenewable
Strike at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
uprising of 20,000 in 1909 -Nov. 23,1909 -at the union meeting: Limlich's call for action against repressive conditions resulted in a vote to strike -Nov. 24: largest single work stoppage -20,000 workers walked out