Chapter 21

art that does not attempt to represent external reality, but seeks to achieve its effect using shapes, forms, colors, and textures.

abstract art

who originally wrote the three musketeers?

alexandre dumas

What came out off when they discovered that germs caused disease?

improved sanitation

identical components that could be used in place of one another

interchangeable parts

what happened to europe's population between 1800 and 1900?

it doubled

two men that emphasized nature in art as well as painted peasant life and medieval times

john constable and j.m.w. turner

built standard oil company of ohio

john rockefeller

discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

joseph lister

she worked with her brother to produce an aluminum production process

julia brainerd hall

wrote the awakening

kate chopin

after a rebellious and wandering life he joined Greek forces battling for freedom

lord byron

improved upon earlier photography technology

louis daguerre and william fox talbot

What did Courbet mean when he said, "I cannot paint an angel because I have never seen one"?

He meant that he painted only what he saw and not what he imagined.

invented the light bulb

Thomas Edison

What are three ways that city life changed in the 1800s?

Three ways that city life has changed are: better transportation, street lights, and new sewer systems.

In what ways were the new artistic styles of the 1800s a reaction to changes in society?

Romantics sought to escape or ignore the industrial society around them. Realist sought expose the evils of the industrial world. Impressionist responded to the development of photography.

How had social order changed by the late 1800's?

3 classes; upper, middle, & working class. Middle class values and tastes were idealized.

How did the Industrial Revolution spread in the 1800s?

A British mechanic opened a factory in Belgium in 1807. Other countries acquired British technology and created new technologies.

invented the telephone

Alexander graham bell

Swedish Chemist, invented dynamite

Alfred Nobel

Why did Darwin's theory of evolution cause such a stir?

Caused a controversy over Christians because it makes man a simple animal and not a creation made in Gods image.

argued that all forms of life, including human begins, had evolved into their present state over millions of years

Charles Darwin

How might have a worker viewed the Industrial Revolution ?

As an opportunity for an improved standard of living

How might have an entrepreneur viewed the Industrial Revolution ?

As an opportunity for investment and profit

How might have an inventor viewed the Industrial Revolution ?

As an opportunity to use creativity

How might the government change as a result of industrialization?

As business leaders gain power and influence on politics, government may begin to favor big business or grow corrupt.

How did the Industrial Revolution influence the class structure of Western Europe?

Before the Industrial Revolution nobles and peasants made up the two main social classes, and their roles were defined by their relationship to the land. By the late 1800s, a large middle class emerged.

an impressionist that brushed strokes of color side by side without any blending

Claude Monet

How did the rise of cities challenge the economic and social order of time?

By bringing people from different classes into closer contact; by allowing people to work in one place and live in another.

Referring to Oliver Twist, Dickens wrote that "to show [criminals] as they really are, for ever skulking uneasily through the dirtiest paths of life...would be a service to society." How does his claim reflect the goals of realism?

By portraying the criminal world, he may inspire society to solve the problem (not sugar coating)

How did technology help industry expand?

Scientist developed new products and technologies, such as a process for producing steel, dynamite, and the dynamo for generating electricity.

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stocks

Corporations

What was the middle class values as far as women in the 1800s? (how should they act, what should they do)

Cult of Domesticity which idealized women and the home throughout books, magazines, and popular songs.

Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy?

Darwin's ideas contradicted the widely accepted biblical account of creation.

French realist who painted works such as The Stone Breakers, which shows two rough laborers on a country road

Gustave Courbet

two women who crusaded against slavery before organizing movement for women's rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

an Italian pioneer who invented the radio

Guglielmo Marconi

What did David Thoreau do?

He wrote Civil Disobedience which would influence American dissenters for generations to come.

Who was the person that invented the process to produce steel?

Henry Bessemer

school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions

Impressionism

How did the need for capital lead new business originations and methods?

To raise needed capital, large companies became corporations and sold shares of the business to investors.

Why do you think reformers pushed for free public education?

It would improve opportunities for working-class children.

English Quaker schoolteacher that developed modern atomic theory

John Dalton

What improvements occurred in the 19 century's in cities?

Lamp posts, streets

His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease", is one of the most important in medical history.

Lewis Pasteur

in France and William Fox Talbot in England had improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs

Louis Daguerre

a German composer who combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound

Ludwig van Beethoven

What are three values associated with the middle class?

Luxury, respectability, and a strict etiquette.

Why did women's movement face strong opposition?

Men believed that women belonged in the home; they also thought that women were too emotional to vote.

created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo

Michael Faraday

What was most highly regarded thing that the middle class was concerned with in the 1800s? (They wanted people to be treated a certain way)

Middle class values were dominated by rules. Strict etiquette governed

self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers

Mutual-aid societies

How did technology affect the movement of people and goods in the 1800s and in the early 1900s?

New developments made it possible for people to move from one country to another and from rural to urban areas more easily

Describe the impact of new technology on transportation

New forms of transportation moved people and goods farther and faster.

What laws helped workers in late 1800?

New laws allowed workers to unionize, expanded the right to vote, regulated working conditions, limited child labor, and set up pensions and disability insurance.

What were the technological, social, and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution?

New technologies caused massive industrial growth and brought about the rise of the cities. Three distinct social classes emerged. As big business boomed, it employed thousands of workers, controlled the market of entire industries, and enabled more people to invest in business

What caused big businesses to emerge during the Industrial Revolution?

New technologies required the investment of more money; big, powerful corporations allowed more people to invest in business.

Describe the impact of new technology on industry

New technology, such as electricity, sparked industrial growth and made production faster and less expensive.

designed and flew a flimsy airplane

Orville and Wilbur Wright

two men who were a part of a cultural movement called romanticism that shaped Western literature and arts

William Wordsworth and William Blake

Why did the rate of population growth increase in the late 1800s?

People were eating better and practicing better hygiene. Medical discoveries eliminated some diseases. Sanitation improved.

How did the realism movement differ from the romantic movement ?

Realism represented what was really real. It was the opposite of the romantic movement and made people aware of the grim conditions of the Industrial Age. Romantic movement was a reaction against the rationality and restraint of the Enlightenment.

How did romantic writers, artists, and musicians respond to the enlightenment?

Romantic writers, artists, and musicians broke free form the strict rules of the enlightenment.

How did artists, composers, writers, and others respond to industrialization?

Romantics emphasized freedom, imagination, and emotion. Realists focused on ordinary subjects, the harsh side of city life, and the ills of the time.

What new feature in the 1800 had the greatest impact on the poor?

Sewage systems lowered mortality and increase life expectancy of the poor.

movement of the 1800s that urged Christians to do social service

Social gospel

Back in the 1800s, churches asked there worshipers to be involved in this ...

Social services

an African American suffragist, and is believed to have replied, "Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?"

Sojourner Truth

What were the arguments against human suffrage?

Some said that women were to emotional to be allowed to vote, other said that women needed to be protected from grubby politics or that a woman's place was in the home not in the government.

measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

Standard of living

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Temperance movement

What existing beliefs did new scientific theories challenge?

That all atoms were alike, the age of earth, and biblical accounts of creation

What did John Dalton discover?

The atomic theory

What is a corporation?

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Describe the impact of new technology on communication

The telegraph and telephone connected people quickly over great distances.

What are three subjects romantics favored?

They were interested in history, legends, and folklore; celebrated nature and dramatic action; and sought to stir emotions.

What group helped labor reform?

Union

experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors, his unique brush work also developed a bold, personal style

Vincent Van Gogh

What was the women's movement mainly concerned with?

Women could not vote, receive an education and were considered the property of their husbands

What was one of the key things you needed for industrialization?

Workers

first state that allowed women to vote

Wyoming

Do you think women's lives improved as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Why or why not?

Yes, Women in some countries won the right to vote and the right to get an education

wrote uncle tom's cabin

harriet beecher stowe

What was the period of romanticism in western literature and arts?

a movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that marked the reaction in literature, philosophy, art, religion, and politics from the neoclassicism and formal orthodoxy of the preceding period.

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.

assembly line

wrote indiana

aurore dupin dudevant

an association to fix prices, set productions quota, or control market

cartel

an English novelist that vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children

charles dickens

theorized the earth was a million years old

charles lyell

wrote jane eyre

charolette bronte

wrote the doll house

henrik ibsen

who created the periodic table ?

dmitri mendeleyev

What middle-class values are associated with the Victorian Age?

duty, thrift, honesty, hard-work, respectability

is a machine that generates electricity

dynamo

wrote germinal

emile zola

wrote wuthering heights

emily bronte

campaigned for women to be admitted into Cambridge University

emily davis

filled paintings with dramatic actions

eugene delacroix

What did painters that used Impressionism try to capture?

fleeting visual impressions

insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals, worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals, and founded the world's first school of nursing

florence nightingale

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes

germ theory

invented the first automobile using otto's combustion engine

gottlieb daimler

wealthy merchants were able too ___

marry into noble families

huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries

monopolies

invented the first gasoline powered combustion engine

nikolaus otto

Who are robber barrons?

nobles who robbed travelers passing through their lands.

in the middle class, people married ____

out of love

the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.

racism

believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against the exaggerated emotionalism of the Romantic movement.

realism

identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million human lives in the 1800s

robert koch

19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

romanticism

developed the telegraph

samuel morse

william and catherine booth ____

set up the salvation army

what made city life better ?

sewers, street lights, and sky scrapers

what were the effects of emily davis's campaign?

she succeeded but faced riots by male students

Why did some countries industrialize faster and more than other countries?

simply because they started industrializing before other countries, and they probably had more opportunities available from the start to industrialize.

Where did the poor live mainly in the 19 centuries in the cities?

slums

What was Darwin's theory?

stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

shares in companies

stocks

sent messages over wires

telegraph

in rural areas, school was not necessary only if ___

the child was not needed in the farm

What was the romantic movement in reaction to in art?

the enlightenment

What groups grew the fastest in the 1800s?

the middle class

where were the first fossils found?

the netherlands

the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city

urban renewal

re-created France's past in novels like the The Three Musketeers and The Hunchback of Notre Dame

victor hugo

who wrote about the scottish clans?

walter scott

What did a man named William Mortan do?

was an American dentist who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anesthetic in 1846.

right of women to vote

women's suffrage

How did the industrial Revolution improve city life? How did it make city life worse?

• Improved: safety increased, police and fire departments were better organized, diseases declined, standard of living rose. • Worsened: neighborhoods were overcrowded, the number of slums increased