Chapter 21: America and the Great War, 1914-1920

Put in chronological order the following German actions that pushed the United States to join the war. -German U-boats sink the Arabic. -The Germans agree to the Sussex Pledge. -The British intercept the Zimmermann telegram and learn of a German conspiracy. -German U-boats sink five American ships in the Atlantic Ocean. -German U-boats sink the Lusitania. -The Germans announce a policy shift: they would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean.

- German U-boats sink the Lusitania. - German U-boats sink the Arabic. - The Germans agree to the Sussex Pledge. - The Germans announce a policy shift: they would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean. - The British intercept the Zimmermann telegram and learn of a German conspiracy. - German U-boats sink five American ships in the Atlantic Ocean.

German general Erich Ludendorff said that "America became the decisive power in the war." Place the following events in chronological order to explain the importance of American troops to the defeat of Germany. -Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the Russian monarchy. -Over 1 million Americans take part in the Meuse-Argonne offensive to repel the German advance into France. -Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. -The return of German troops from the Eastern Front strengthens the Western Front for a final campaign against France and Belgium. -The Allied offensive forces German leaders to ask for peace based on Wilson's Fourteen Points.

- Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the Russian monarchy. - Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. - The return of German troops from the Eastern Front strengthens the Western Front for a final campaign against France and Belgium. - Over 1 million Americans take part in the Meuse-Argonne offensive to repel the German advance into France. - The Allied offensive forces German leaders to ask for peace based on Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Although one early commentator wrote in the Literary Digest, "Our isolated position and freedom from entangling alliances [ensure that] we are in no peril of being drawn into the European quarrel," America would ultimately be drawn into the conflict. Put in chronological order the following events that contributed to the United States joining the First World War. -President Wilson allows American banks to loan money to the governments of nations at war. -The sinking of the Lusitania outrages the American public and leaders. -World War I begins with a German declaration of war. -The American public reacted angrily to the Zimmermann telegram. -Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic.

- World War I begins with a German declaration of war. - President Wilson allows American banks to loan money to the governments of nations at war. - The sinking of the Lusitania outrages the American public and leaders. - Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic. - The American public reacted angrily to the Zimmermann telegram.

Complete the passage below describing the ramifications of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with - support, attempted to exercise control over Serbian internal affairs. In response, - mobilized forces in defense of Serbia. This initial military mobilization activated both major European military alliances: the - composed of Italy, Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as the opposing - made up of Great Britain, Russia, and France. It was the German - that, at that time, began the bloodiest war in human history. -German -declaration of war -Allied Powers -Russia -Central Powers -British -failed diplomacy -French

-German -Russia -Central Powers -Allied Powers -declaration of war

Identify how the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment changed the political landscape of the United States. -Most women who tried to vote were not sophisticated enough to figure out the registration process. -It was initially not very significant because women turned out to vote in very low numbers. -It immediately reshaped the electoral landscape, as women accounted for 40 percent of the electorate in the presidential election of 1920. -Women initially experienced similar voting impediments endured by African Americans following the Civil War, such as the poll tax and literacy test.

-It immediately reshaped the electoral landscape, as women accounted for 40 percent of the electorate in the presidential election of 1920.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was part of which of the following larger conflicts that led to the outbreak of World War I? -the military rivalry between Kaiser Wilhelm II's Germany and Great Britain -the conflict between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Serbia -the military rivalry between Kaiser Wilhelm II's Germany and France -the military rivalry between the Ottoman Turks and the Russian Empire

-The conflict between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Serbia

How was Wilson's Fourteen Points received by heads of state of European nations at the Paris Peace Conference? -The French were supportive of Wilson's proposal, but the Italians and the British were ardently opposed. -They rebuked Wilson's unrealistic idealism as unattainable, while attempting to gain as much as possible for their respective nations. -They enthusiastically embraced the idea of a world without war. -Each of the heads of state of the Allied Powers was supportive of Wilson's lenient approach to Germany after the war.

-They rebuked Wilson's unrealistic idealism as unattainable, while attempting to gain as much as possible for their respective nations.

How did President Wilson respond to the request from African American civil rights leaders for the inclusion of a fifteenth point in Wilson's Fourteen Points that promised an end to racial discrimination? -Wilson did not respond to their request. -Wilson added the fifteenth point, but other nations within the Allied Nations refused to accept it. -Wilson, a strong civil rights advocate, fought for the inclusion of such a clause, but Congress was unwilling to consider his Fourteen Points if they included anything regarding racial equality. -After intense pressure, Wilson relented and included the "end to racial discrimination" as the fifteenth point of his original Fourteen Points.

-Wilson did not respond to their request.

Complete the passage below describing the readiness of the United States for war at the time it declared war on Germany. When the United States declared war on Germany, the U.S. Army was - for battle. The size of the existing army was - compared to those of the Central Powers and Allied Powers; further, American troops were armed with -weaponry. The federal government's authority - in order to expedite the American entry into World War I. Nearly 3 million troops between the ages of twenty-one and thirty - to fight in World War I. -unprepared -outdated -were drafted -prepared -advanced -shrunk -large -grossly inadequate -grew -volunteered

-unprepared -grossly inadequate -outdated -grew -were drafted

Complete the passage below describing the new agencies and laws created during World War I. To mobilize the American economy and society to fight World War I, the federal government created numerous new agencies and laws. The - organized industrial production while the - focused on increasing - production and limiting civilian consumption. The Espionage Act made it a crime to - or disrupt the war effort while the -, as mandated by -, made it a crime to criticize the government. Several people were convicted of violating these laws, which the Supreme Court held to be permissible. -War Labor Board -Agricultural Bureau -agricultural -industrial -War Industries Board -Congress -travel -Seditions Act -Food Administration -criticize -the President

-war industries board -food administration -agricultural -criticize -sedition act -congress

Analyze the poster below. What does it reveal about the fear of espionage during World War I? -The "enemy" was often difficult to detect, and blended in with other Americans. -Anyone could inadvertently share information that an enemy could use against America. -Americans feared all immigrants, as they were most likely to be spies. -Americans checked their homes frequently for wiretaps and other recording devices.

Correct Answer(s) - Anyone could inadvertently share information that an enemy could use against America. - The "enemy" was often difficult to detect, and blended in with other Americans. Incorrect answer(s) -Americans feared all immigrants, as they were most likely to be spies. -Americans checked their homes frequently for wiretaps and other recording devices.

What were some of the issues that impeded the implementation of President Wilson's ideal peace plan? -In a partisan political move, Wilson refused to appoint Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to the American peace talks delegation. -Wilson opposed Republicans in Congress who supported him during the war. -Wilson's Fourteen Points were considered to be too idealistic for European leaders, who would not support them without reservations. -At the end of the war, Wilson left the United States for six months to attend the peace talks.

Correct Answer(s) - At the end of the war, Wilson left the United States for six months to attend the peace talks. - Wilson's Fourteen Points were considered to be too idealistic for European leaders, who would not support them without reservations. - Wilson opposed Republicans in Congress who supported him during the war. - In a partisan political move, Wilson refused to appoint Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to the American peace talks delegation.

Identify some of the problems that the United States faced domestically following the end of World War I. -Americans struggled to resist the intrusive influence of foreign superpowers following the end of World War I. -Americans developed an overwhelming fear of communism. -Racial tensions increased and resulted in race riots as over 350,000 African Americans moved out of the South. -American workers began striking in far greater numbers.

Correct Answer(s) - Racial tensions increased and resulted in race riots as over 350,000 African Americans moved out of the South. - American workers began striking in far greater numbers. - Americans developed an overwhelming fear of communism. Incorrect Answer(s) - Americans struggled to resist the intrusive influence of foreign superpowers following the end of World War I.

Identify the criticisms levied against Wilson's League of Nations proposal. -Some critics argued that it would reignite German militarist nationalism. -Some critics believed that the goals set forth in the League of Nations proposal were far too idealistic to be accomplished. -Some critics argued that it would put limits on American independence. -Many criticized Wilson over the broad language of the proposal's "Legitimate War Clause."

Correct Answer(s) - Some critics believed that the goals set forth in the League of Nations proposal were far too idealistic to be accomplished. - Some critics argued that it would put limits on American sovereignty. - Some critics argued that it would reignite German militarist nationalism. Incorrect answer(s) -Many criticized Wilson over the broad language of the proposal's "Legitimate War Clause."

How did the Bolshevik Revolution affect the war? -The Bolsheviks renewed the Russian war effort against the Central Power, drawing many German troops away from the Western Front as America entered the war. -The Bolsheviks ended Russia's fighting in World War I, eliminating the fighting on the Eastern Front. -The Bolsheviks switched sides in the war, becoming allied with Germany and the Central Powers. -The Bolsheviks shifted Russian forces toward fighting the Ottoman Empire, drawing Ottoman troops away from the Western Front.

Correct Answer(s) - The Bolsheviks ended Russia's fighting in World War I, eliminating the fighting on the Eastern Front. Incorrect Answer(s) - The Bolsheviks switched sides in the war, becoming allied with Germany and the Central Powers. - The Bolsheviks renewed the Russian war effort against the Central Power, drawing many German troops away from the Western Front as America entered the war. - The Bolsheviks shifted Russian forces toward fighting the Ottoman Empire, drawing Ottoman troops away from the Western Front.

In December 1917, seven months after the United States declared war on Germany, French premier Georges Clemenceau told an American journalist, "A terrible blow is imminent. Tell your Americans to come quickly." What was Clemenceau's concern? -Great Britain had announced that it would no longer supply troops to fight on the Western Front. -The Bolsheviks' seizure of power meant that Russia would no longer play a role in the war, and the Germans would soon launch a massive offensive along the Western Front. -He wanted U.S. troops to relieve French soldiers battling German troops at Verdun. -Though America had entered the war, the time and effort spent enlisting, training, and organizing its troops meant that it had made little contribution to the fighting along the Western Front at this time.

Correct Answer(s) - The Bolsheviks' seizure of power meant that Russia would no longer play a role in the war, and the Germans would soon launch a massive offensive along the Western Front. - Though America had entered the war, the time and effort spent enlisting, training, and organizing its troops meant that it had made little contribution to the fighting along the Western Front at this time. Incorrect answer(s) -He wanted U.S. troops to relieve French soldiers battling German troops at Verdun. -Great Britain had announced that it would no longer supply troops to fight on the Western Front.

In what ways did the entry of the United States into World War I contribute to the defeat of the Central Powers? -The 1.2 million U.S. soldiers deployed during the Meuse-Argonne offensive critically turned the tide of the war in favor of the Allied Powers. -The mobilization of over 1 million U.S. troops helped French and British troops halt and turn the German spring offensive in 1918. -U.S. troops were responsible for the majority of the fighting in engagements between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. -The victory of U.S. troops over the communist Bolshevik Revolution allowed them to focus their troops entirely on the Western Front.

Correct Answer(s) - The mobilization of over 1 million U.S. troops helped French and British troops halt and turn the German spring offensive in 1918. - The 1.2 million U.S. soldiers deployed during the Meuse-Argonne offensive critically turned the tide of the war in favor of the Allied Powers. Incorrect Answer(s) -U.S. troops were responsible for the majority of the fighting in engagements between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. -The victory of U.S. troops over the communist Bolshevik Revolution allowed them to focus their troops entirely on the Western Front.

Identify how the First World War shaped postwar events on the international stage. -The resolution to the war, and particularly the terms of peace, left Germany wanting revenge. -The war accelerated the triumph of the Bolshevik Revolution. -France thrived immediately after the victory of the Allied Powers. -American bankers and business executives were unwilling to invest in European economies after the war left them unable to fill the financial vacuum left by the collapse of European economies.

Correct Answer(s) - The resolution to the war, and particularly the terms of peace, left Germany wanting revenge. - The war accelerated the triumph of the Bolshevik Revolution. Incorrect answer(s) -France thrived immediately after the victory of the Allied Powers. -American bankers and business executives were unwilling to invest in European economies after the war left them unable to fill the financial vacuum left by the collapse of European economies.

Identify the overarching issues addressed in President Wilson's Fourteen Points. -They included insurances of racial equality after the war. -They addressed territorial claims after World War I. -They asserted that the United States would determine when the use of military force was legitimate in international conflicts. -They addressed how countries should conduct diplomacy. -They called for the elimination of trade barriers and the ability for countries to trade during war time.

Correct Answer(s) - They called for the elimination of trade barriers and the ability for countries to trade during war time. - They addressed how countries should conduct diplomacy. - They addressed territorial claims after World War I. Incorrect Answer(s) - They included insurances of racial equality after the war. - They asserted that the United States would determine when the use of military force was legitimate in international conflicts.

T/F The majority of the American troops who died during World War I died in combat.

False