chapter 21 homework

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits

2 alpha and 2 beta

Define respiratory rate

the number of breaths taken each minute

Which of the following would be greater? the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the

thyroid cartilage

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions

tidal volume

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea

Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle?

transversus thoracis muscle

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Which is true regarding the blood air barrier?

Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier

What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration?

Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

Which of the following is false about the pharynx?

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages?

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing

Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?

More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.

arytenoid

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

The "C" in COPD stands for

chronic

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

cooling the air

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except

decreased number of dust cells

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the

diameter of an alveolus

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilum

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure

Respiratory minute volume, VE:

is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT

Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:

is converted to carbonic acid

Define oxyhemoglobin.

is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound

The nasal cavity:

is part of the upper respiratory system

Internal respiration __________.

is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that

it can convert carbonic acid into O2

Which upper respiratory structure includes the portion of the pharynx between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagus?

laryngopharynx

Which of the following is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis?

larynx

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the

lips

In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the

lobar bronchi

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory tract

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

mucus escalator

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

List the structures of the upper respiratory system.

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

Emphysema:

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

oropharynx

In emphysema, all of the following occur except

patients present with cyanosis

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to

provide adequate alveolar ventilation

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except

providing gas exchange

The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which structure is located most superior at the hilum of the left lung?

pulmonary artery

Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure?

pulmonary lobule

Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?

rectus abdominis

Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation?

residual volume

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

respiratory minute volume

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

Lobar bronchi supply air to the

segmental bronchi

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium

Define Dalton's law.

states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture

Air traveling from the segmental bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.

terminal bronchioles

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

the chloride shift

Type I pneumocytes:

are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12-18

Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

Where the slope is steep, a very small change in plasma PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin

What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow?

Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli?

Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

Alveolar ventilation rate

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase

Define Boyle's law.

Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia.

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body

Evan is most likely suffering from

Emphysema

How are hypoxia and anoxia different?

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply

Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?

If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?

It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It causes RBCs to swell. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs.

It causes RBCs to swell

Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively

Evan's lungs probably have an abnormally large

Residual volume

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths?

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveol

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs?

The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood

Which of these age-based changes is false? The lungs' compliance changes. The lungs lose elastic tissue. Respiratory muscles weaken. Costal cartilages become less flexible. Vital capacity increases

Vital capacity increases

Evan complains that the air in his lungs sometimes "doesn't want to go out." Which of the following muscles is likely working harder than normal while trying to get the air out?

Transversus thoracis

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?

alveoli

Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space