chapter 21 homework
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits
2 alpha and 2 beta
Define respiratory rate
the number of breaths taken each minute
Which of the following would be greater? the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the
thyroid cartilage
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions
tidal volume
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the
trachea
Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle?
transversus thoracis muscle
If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity
Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Which is true regarding the blood air barrier?
Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier
What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration?
Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?
It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages
Which of the following is false about the pharynx?
It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages?
Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing
Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?
More Americans die from lung cancer than any other form of cancer
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.
arytenoid
Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).
asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed
atelectasis
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.
brain stem
The "C" in COPD stands for
chronic
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except
cooling the air
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except
decreased number of dust cells
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the
diameter of an alveolus
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
emphysema
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed
expiratory reserve volume
After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the
functional residual capacity
Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?
functional residual capacity (FRC)
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as
internal respiration
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration
Boyle's law states that gas volume is
inversely proportional to pressure
Respiratory minute volume, VE:
is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT
Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:
is converted to carbonic acid
Define oxyhemoglobin.
is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound
The nasal cavity:
is part of the upper respiratory system
Internal respiration __________.
is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that
it can convert carbonic acid into O2
Which upper respiratory structure includes the portion of the pharynx between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagus?
laryngopharynx
Which of the following is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis?
larynx
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips
In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the
lobar bronchi
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the
lower respiratory tract
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx
List the structures of the upper respiratory system.
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Emphysema:
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
In emphysema, all of the following occur except
patients present with cyanosis
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation
What branches from the trachea?
primary bronchi
The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to
provide adequate alveolar ventilation
The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except
providing gas exchange
The respiratory mucosa of the trachea consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which structure is located most superior at the hilum of the left lung?
pulmonary artery
Each terminal bronchiole supplies which singular structure?
pulmonary lobule
Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?
rectus abdominis
Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation?
residual volume
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
respiratory minute volume
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
Lobar bronchi supply air to the
segmental bronchi
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
Define Dalton's law.
states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture
Air traveling from the segmental bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.
terminal bronchioles
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as
the chloride shift
Type I pneumocytes:
are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12-18
Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
Where the slope is steep, a very small change in plasma PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin
What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow?
Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing
Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli?
Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles
________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).
Alveolar ventilation rate
Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.
BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase
Define Boyle's law.
Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?
The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces
Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia.
Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body
Evan is most likely suffering from
Emphysema
How are hypoxia and anoxia different?
Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply
Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen
During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?
Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?
It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It causes RBCs to swell. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs.
It causes RBCs to swell
Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity.
The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively
Evan's lungs probably have an abnormally large
Residual volume
Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths?
Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space
Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract
The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveol
What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?
The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure
What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs?
The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs
Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.
The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood
Which of these age-based changes is false? The lungs' compliance changes. The lungs lose elastic tissue. Respiratory muscles weaken. Costal cartilages become less flexible. Vital capacity increases
Vital capacity increases
Evan complains that the air in his lungs sometimes "doesn't want to go out." Which of the following muscles is likely working harder than normal while trying to get the air out?
Transversus thoracis
At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?
across the respiratory membrane
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?
alveoli
Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space