Chapter 21 test- Tarney

How did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy?

- 1st to use the telescope - discovered the heavenly bodies weren't orbs of light

What does laissez-faire mean, and who explained it in The Wealth of Nations?

- laissez-faire- to let people do what they want - adam smith explained it in the wealth of nations in 1776

Which three philosophes were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century?

- montesquieu - voltaire - diderot

According to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of government?

1. protect society from invasion 2. gov should defend citizens from injustice 3. keep works that private people alone couldn't afford, but were necessary

What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?

1. since they are human too they should deserve equal rights 2. if women were educated in the same school they would learn the same

philosopher

18th century writer and thinker

__________________ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to __________________, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Catherine 1769

Austria's __________________ implemented radical reforms; he abolished __________________ and eliminated the death penalty.

Joseph II serfdom

separation of powers

a fundamental principle of the u.s government where by powers and responsibilities are divided among leg branches

scientific method

a systematic procedure for connecting and analyzing evidence

In the system of enlightened __________________, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal __________________.

absolution powers

social contract

an agreement between a community and its ruler that defines and limits the rights and duties of each

How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty?

by being forced to follow what is best for the general population

geocentric

earth is the center of the universe

universal law of gravitation

explains every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity

Natural rights are ______________ that all people _____________ ____________ simply because they are ______________________.

freedoms should have human beings

salons

gatherings of thinkers held at a prominent persons home

Why was Antoine Lavoisier important?

his discovery of the role of oxygen in combustion

what did William Harvey discover?

how blood circulates through the body

Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?

isaac newton

how does inductive reasoning help the scientific method?

it helps scientists to form a hypothesis

how did the rise of rationalism pave the way for the scientific revolution?

it was the system and chief source of knowledge for the scientific revolution

Both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the __________________ and enlarged the Prussian __________________.

king army

How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?

locke- suggested that people were molded by experiences newton- believed the world operated according to natural law

In order to please the Russian __________________, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian __________________, and their conditions worsened.

nobility peasants

successor

one that fallows, especially to a thrown or office

what scientific discoveries helped ideas spread quickly?

printing press

Natural rights should be _____________________ by an ______________________________ ruler.

protected enlightened

Where was Earth in Ptolemy's and Copernicus's conceptions of the universe?

ptolemy- earth was the center of the universe copernicus- sun was the center and the earth revolved around it

deism

religious philosophy based on reason and law

The enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare of their __________________.

state

heliocentric

sun is the center of the universe

What instruments made scientific discoveries possible?

telescope and microscope

enlightened absolutism

the idea that monarchs could govern by enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal power

What do Margaret Cavendish and Mary Wollstonecraft have in common?

they argued that women should be educated

How did Renaissance intellectuals view mathematics?

they believed it was the key to understanding the nature of things like navigation, military, science, and geography