Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System-Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

Which structure provides for exchange of materials between mother and fetus?

Exchange of materials between mother and fetus occurs across the placenta.

True or False: Fenestrated capillaries play a role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

False

True or False: The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

False

The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called

Filtration

In fetal circulation, what is the opening between the right and left atria called?

Foramen Ovale

What general regions do the external and internal iliacs supply?

Pelvis and Lower Limbs

What general regions do the visceral and parietal branches of the thoracic aorta supply?

Esophagus, mediastinum, ribs, and diaphragm

Capillaries are also referred to as

Exchange Vessels

Normal blood pressure for a young adult male is

120/80

What would the pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure be for an individual with a blood pressure of 120/80?

40; 93.3

When an artery or arteriole is damaged, its smooth muscle layer contracts producing

A Vascular Spasm

The term ductus venosus refers to ________.

A special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver.

Which category of hypertension drugs lowers blood pressure by blocking formation of angiotensin II, which results in vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion?

ACE Inhibitors

What would occur in response to hypovolemic shock?

Adrenal cortex liberates aldosterone, kidneys conserve salt and water, blood vessels constrict, and heart rate and contractility increase.

After birth, which are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?

After birth, the pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.

What do the following chemicals have in common: potassium, hydrogen ions, lactic acid, nitric oxide, and adenosine?

All Potent Vasodilators

Into which veins in the neck does all venous blood in the brain drain?

All venous blood in the brain drains into the internal jugular veins.

Does almost-normal blood pressure in a person who has lost blood indicate that the patient's tissues are receiving adequate perfusion (blood flow)?

Almost-normal blood pressure in a person who has lost blood does not necessarily indicate that the patient's tissues are receiving adequate blood flow; if systemic vascular resistance has increased greatly, tissue perfusion may be inadequate.

During embryonic development, blood vessels are formed by

Angioblasts

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart to other organs?

Arteries

In which types of blood vessels is blood pressure pulsing?

Arteries and Arterioles

This type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries.

Arterioles

Which characteristic of blood depends mostly on the ratio of RBCs to plasma volume?

Blood Viscosity

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A person who has liver failure cannot synthesize the normal amount of plasma proteins. How does a deficit of plasma proteins affect blood colloid osmotic pressure, and what is the effect on capillary exchange?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is lower than normal in a person with a low level of plasma proteins, and therefore capillary reabsorption is low. The result is edema.

From which germ cell layer are blood vessels and blood derived?

Blood vessels and blood are derived from mesoderm.

If your total blood volume is 5 liters, what volume is in your capillaries?

Blood volume in capillaries is about 7% of 5 liters, or 350 mL.

If your total blood volume is 5 liters, what volume is in your venules and veins right now?

Blood volume in venules and veins is about 64% of 5 liters, or 3.2 liters.

What are the three major branches of the arch of the aorta, in order of their origination?

Branches of the arch of the aorta (in order of origination) are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

Capillaries

What is likely true of capillaries during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels per minute is called

Cardiac Output

What are the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume.

Which types of tissues contain continuous capillaries?

Central nervous system, lungs, skin, and muscle tissue.

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.

Chronic renal failure, kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hormonal contraceptives, pregnancy, anemia, fever, atherosclerosis, and far too many more to put in this quizlet :)

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

Collateral Circulation

What changes are commonly observed in the cardiovascular system in response to aging?

Decreased compliance of the aorta, reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size, progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength, reduced cardiac output, a decline in maximum heart rate, and an increase in systolic blood pressure.

If a blood pressure is reported as "142 over 95," what are the diastolic, systolic, and pulse pressures?

Diastolic blood pressure = 95 mmHg; systolic blood pressure = 142 mmHg; pulse pressure = 47 mmHg.

What is the most important method of capillary exchange?

Diffusion

In atherosclerosis, the walls of elastic arteries become less compliant (stiffer). What effect does reduced compliance have on the pressure reservoir function of arteries?

Due to atherosclerosis, less energy is stored in the less-compliant elastic arteries during systole; thus, the heart must pump harder to maintain the same rate of blood flow.

Cardiac output is dependent on both

Heart rate and stroke volume

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________.

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Which pressures account for the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressure

________ is persistently high blood pressure.

Hypertension

This type of shock is due to decreased blood volume.

Hypovolemic

Which cranial nerves conduct impulses to the cardiovascular center from baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and the arch of the aorta?

Impulses to the cardiovascular center pass from baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses via the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves and from baroreceptors in the arch of the aorta via the vagus (X) nerves.

The cardiovascular center is located

In the Medulla Oblongata

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to what?

Increased blood volume, venoconstriction, decreased parasympathetic impulses, increased sympathetic impulses and hormones from adrenal medulla, increased venous return, increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardiac output, increased number of red blood cells, increased body size, increased blood viscosity, increased total blood vessel length, vasoconstriction, and increased systemic vascular resistance.

What would result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

Increased blood volume, venoconstriction, decreased parasympathetic impulses, increased sympathetic impulses and hormones from adrenal medulla, increased venous return, increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardiac output, increased number of red blood cells, increased body size, increased blood viscosity, increased total blood vessel length, vasoconstriction, and increased systemic vascular resistance.

What would result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?

Increased number of red blood cells, increased body size, increased blood viscosity, increased total blood vessel length, and vasoconstriction.

What would be a normal response of the cardiovascular system to a decreased frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors?

Increased systemic vascular resistance.

When chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they stimulate what changes?

Increased vasoconstriction of arterioles, increased blood pressure, increased sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins, and increased vasoconstriction of veins.

Which vessel carries the venous blood from the lower body into the right atrium?

Inferior Vena Cava

Does the regulation of blood via baroreceptor reflexes negative feedback cycle represent the changes that occur when you lie down or when you stand up?

It represents a change that occurs when you stand up because gravity causes pooling of blood in leg veins once you are upright, decreasing the blood pressure in your upper body.

Which vessel drains blood from the head and neck?

Jugular Vein

How do materials move through capillary walls?

Materials cross capillary walls through intercellular clefts and fenestrations, via transcytosis in pinocytic vesicles, and through the plasma membranes of endothelial cells.

Is the mean blood pressure in the aorta closer to systolic or to diastolic pressure?

Mean blood pressure in the aorta is closer to diastolic than to systolic pressure.

Which vessel supplies blood to the intestines?

Mesenteric Artery

Why do metabolically active tissues have extensive capillary networks?

Metabolically active tissues use oxygen and produce wastes more rapidly than inactive tissues, so they require more extensive capillary networks.

The myogenic response of smooth muscle results in

More forceful contractions when stretched.

Which hormones would stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure?

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and aldosterone.

During embryonic development, blood cells are formed from

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Which branches of the coronary arteries supply the left ventricle?

Posterior interventricular branch, anterior interventricular branch, and circumflex branch.

Which chemicals help regulate blood pressure?

Potassium ions, protons, lactic acid, adenosine, nitric oxide, thromboxane A2, superoxide radicals, serotonin, and endothelins.

Which structures are used to control the flow of blood through a capillary bed?

Precapillary Sphincters

Elastic arteries function as

Pressure Reservoirs

Which vessel is a pulse point found at the wrist?

Radial Artery

Which vessel supplies blood to the kidneys?

Renal Artery

Which process provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

Renal Regulation

The pulmonary trunk divides into

Right and left pulmonary arteries

The pulmonary circulatory route carries blood from the

Right ventricle to the left atrium

What is involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium.

Which veins of the lower limb are superficial?

Superficial veins of the lower limbs are the dorsal venous arches and the great saphenous and small saphenous veins.

All the veins of the systemic circulation eventually drain into the

Superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

The pulse pressure is ________.

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Where does the abdominal aorta begin?

The abdominal aorta begins at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm.

At what point does the abdominal aorta divide into the common iliac arteries?

The abdominal aorta divides into the common iliac arteries at about the level of L4.

What types of effector tissues are regulated by the cardiovascular center?

The effector tissues regulated by the cardiovascular center are cardiac muscle in the heart and smooth muscle in blood vessel walls.

Which vessel-the femoral artery or the femoral vein-has a thicker wall?

The femoral artery has the thicker wall.

Which vessel-the femoral artery or the femoral vein-has a wider lumen?

The femoral vein has the wider lumen.

Which veins carry blood away from the liver?

The hepatic veins carry blood away from the liver.

Which vein returns blood from the abdominopelvic viscera to the heart?

The inferior vena cava returns blood from the abdominopelvic viscera to the heart.

From which vein in the upper limb is a blood sample often taken?

The median cubital vein of the upper limb is often used for withdrawing blood.

What is perfusion?

The passage of fluid (such as blood) through a specific organ or area of the body (such as the heart).

Aside from cardiac contractions, what mechanisms act as pumps to boost venous return?

The skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump aid venous return.

What aids in venous return of blood to heart?

The skeletal muscle pump, the respiratory pump, venoconstriction, and venous valves.

What are the four subdivisions of the aorta?

The subdivisions of the aorta are the ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.

Which general regions of the body are drained by the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?

The superior vena cava drains regions above the diaphragm, and the inferior vena cava drains regions below the diaphragm.

Where does the thoracic aorta begin?

The thoracic aorta begins at the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.

What are the two main circulatory routes?

The two main circulatory routes are the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.

What do following arteries have in common: superficial temporal artery, brachial artery and common carotid artery?

They are all common pulse points.

If a blood pressure is reported as "142 over 95," does this person have hypertension?

This person has stage I hypertension because the systolic blood pressure is greater than 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 mmHg.

Which vessel drains blood from the lower leg?

Tibial Vein

True or False: An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

True

True or False: Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.

True

True or False: The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

True

True or False: Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

True

Which layer of the arterial wall is primarily composed of elastic and collagen fibers?

Tunica Externa

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

Tunica Intima

Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

Tunica Media

Which structures are found in veins but NOT in arteries?

Valve

Why are valves more important in arm veins and leg veins than in neck veins?

Valves are more important in arm veins and leg veins than in neck veins because, when you are standing, gravity causes pooling of blood in the veins of the free limbs but aids the flow of blood in neck veins back toward the heart.

Which type of blood vessel exerts the major control of systemic vascular resistance, and how does it achieve this?

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles are the main regulators of systemic vascular resistance.

Which blood vessels carry blood from the tissues back to the heart?

Veins

In resting individuals, these vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be quickly diverted to other vessels as needed.

Veins and Venules

In which blood vessels is the velocity of flow fastest?

Velocity of blood flow is fastest in the aorta and arteries.