Chapter 22

Pulmonary arteries carry highly oxygenated blood.

FALSE

When the ventricles of the heart contract, all of the following occur except

A. Closing of the AV valves B. Blood ejecting into the pulmonary trunk and aorta C. Closing of the semilunar valves---- D. Opening of the semilunar valves

Externally, the atria and ventricles are separated by a relatively deep groove called the

A. Interventricular sulcus B. Coronary sulcus---- C. Interatrial sulcus D. Atrioventricular septum

The correct definition of an artery is a blood vessel which carries

A. Oxygenated blood B. Deoxygenated blood C. Blood away from the heart---- D. Blood towards the heart

The cone-shaped muscular projections in the ventricular walls are the

A. Papillary muscles--- B. Pectinate muscles C. Trabeculae carnae D. Chordae tendineae

The fibers that extend through the walls of the ventricles and allow the rapid, immediate spread of the impulse throughout the ventricular myocardium are called _______ fibers.

Purkinje

Match the cardiac vein with its description.

Great cardiac vein-2-In anterior interventricular sulcus Middle cardiac vein-1-In posterior interventricular sulcus Small cardiac vein-4- Travels close to the right marginal artery Coronary sinus-3-In the posterior portion of cornary sulcus

Which of the following is the region of the thoracic cavity where the heart is located?

Mediastinum--- Pleura Hypogastric region Pericardial region

heart failure

Progressive weakening of the heart Cannot meet the body's demands for oxygenated blood usually due to weakened ventricles

Match the chamber of the heart with the structure(s) from which it receives blood.

Right atrium-2-Coronary sinus Right ventricle-4- Right atrium Left atrium-3-Pulmonary veins Left ventricle-1-Left atrium

Match the border of the heart with its description.

Right border-1-Primarily formed by the right atrium and ventricle Left border-2-Primarily formed by the left atrium and ventricle Base-3-Posterosuperior surface Superior border-5- Formed by arterial trunks and superior vena cava Apex-4-Inferior, conical end

Match the heart valve with its description.

Tricuspid valve-4-Between right atrium and right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve-2-Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Bicuspid valve-3-Between left atrium and left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve-1-Between left ventricle and ascending aorta

Match the type of blood vessel with its function.

arteries-1-Carry blood away from the heart veins-2-Carry blood back to the heart

The cells of the ___________ act as the heart's pacemaker, which establishes the pace for cardiac activity.

atrioventricular (AV) node sinoatrial (SA) node--- atrioventricular (AV) bundle Purkinje cells

The external layer of the heart wall is the

endocardium. myocardium. epicardium.--- parietal pericardium.

congestive heart failure

heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases

apex of heart

inferior conical end

endocardium

internal surface of the heart chambers; simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

left ventricle

pumps blood through entire systemic circulation generates very high blood pressure aortic semilunar valve: controls flow from left ventricle to aorta located at superior end of left ventricle

right atrium

receives venous blood from heart and systemic circulation through three large veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus interatrial septum: divided right atrium from left pectinate muscles: ridges on internal surface of atrial wall right atrioventricular valve: (tricuspid valve) ensures one way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle through atrioventricular opening

cardiac cycle

the time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next a cycle includes both contraction and relaxation contraction of a chamber is called systole relaxation of a chamber is called diastole

cardiac arrhythmia

ventricle fibrillation: rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles, results in inability of ventricles to pump blood into the arteries atrial fibrillation: multiple waves of impulses randomly signal the AV node, signals ventricles to contract quickly and irregularly-often results in blood clots

epicardium

visceral layer of serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue

myocardium

cardiac muscle; thickest of the three layers

The sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles is the ____________ sulcus.

coronary

external heart anatomy

heart composed of four hollow chambers: two superior atria and two inferior larger ventricles anterior part of each atrium forms an auricle coronary sulcus: groove separating atria and ventricles anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus are located between the right and left ventricles

In the right atrium, the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges called

interventricular muscles. papillary muscles. auricular muscles. pectinate muscles.---

base of heart

its posterosuperior surface, mainly the left atrium

systemic circulation

left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries to body's cells nutrients, respiratory gases and wastes are exchanged, and systemic veins carry the blood back to the right side of the heart

position of the heart

located slightly left, deep to sternum, in space called mediastinum, slightly rotated, right border is more anterior, left border more posterior, superior border formed by the great arterial vessels and the superior vena cava, inferior border formed by right ventricle

left atrium

oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium left atrioventricular valve: controls flow through opening between left atrium and ventricle also referred to as bicuspid (two flap) or mitral valve valve is forced shut when the left ventricle contracts

right ventricle

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium interventricular septum thick wall between right and left venticles inner wall of each ventricle displays irregular muscular ridges called trabeculae carneae papillary muscles: cone shaped muscle projections anchoring chordae tendineae chordae tendinae: attached muscle to atrioventricular valve and prevent cusps from flipping into atrium with ventricle contracts conus arteriosus: smooth funnel shaped region at superior end of right ventricle leading to pulmonary semilunar valve semilunar valve ensures one-way flow from ventricle to pulmonary trunk

pathway of blood through the heart

right atrium feeds right ventricle, feeds pulmonary trunk, pulmonary circulation left atrium feeds left ventricle, feeds aorta, systemic circulation

pulmonary circulation

right side of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to lungs after oxygen pickup and carbon dioxide release, pulmonary veins carry blood to left side of the heart

Unidirectional flow in the heart is ensured because the heart contains __________ that prevent backflow.

valves

One example of cardiac arrhythmia is _________, in which a rapid, repetitious movement of the ventricular muscle replaces normal contractions.

-atrial fibrillation -atrial flutter ----ventricular fibrillation -premature ventricular contraction -None of the choices is correct.

The inferior chambers of the heart are the

-sulci. -auricles. -gyri. -atria. -----ventricles.

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the

-anterior interventricular sulcus. -posterior interventricular sulcus. -sinoventricular sulcus. ---coronary sulcus.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

-endocardium. ----myocardium. -pericardium. -pericardial cavity. -pectinate muscle.

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood back to the heart

fibrous skeleton

dense regular connective tissue between the atria and ventricles provided structural support and acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

heart wall structure

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium (superficial to deep)

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

----a, d, e -a, b, c, d, e -a, c, d, e -b, c, d, e -d, e

The sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle is a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: through the atria e: through the ventricles f: bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers

----c, d, a, b, f, g, e -d, b, a, c, f, g, e -c, d, a, f, b, g, e -f, g, d, c, b, a, e -b, a, d, c, f, g, e

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

-Left atrioventricular valve -----Aortic semilunar valve -Right atrioventricular valve -Pulmonary semilunar valve -None of these answers is correct.

Which does not drain into the coronary sinus?

-No exceptions; all choices drain into the coronary sinus. ----Anterior interventricular vein -Great cardiac vein -Middle cardiac vein -Small cardiac vein

Check all that occur during ventricular contraction

-The AV valves open to allow blood to enter the ventricles from the atria. -The semilunar valves remain closed to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles. -The semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow into the large arteries.--- -The AV valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria---

Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a: Separates the atria and ventricles b: Anchors the heart valves c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium e: None of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart.

-b, d -e -a, c, d -a, d ----a, b, c, d

All of the following are true of the left ventricle except

A. Wall is typically 3 times thicker than that of right ventricle B. Inner wall contains prominent trabeculae carneae C. Aortic semilunar valve at superior end separates it from the atria D. Receives deoxygenated venous blood from the left atrium----

coronary artery disease

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle angina pectoris: chest pain, symptom of lack of oxygen myocardial infarction: heart attach blocked coronary artery causes death of cardiac muscle cells silent ischemia-lack fo oxygen to the heart with no pain of warning

heart's conducting system

heart exhibits audtorhythmicity (generates its own rhythm) 1. electrical impulse begins at the sinoatrial node (heart's pacemaker) located on posterior wall of right atrium adjacent to the opening of the superior vena cava 2. impulse from SA node travels via gap junctions to left atrium and atrioventricle node on the floor of the right atrium 3. impulse leaves AV node, enters the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of HIS) extending into the interventricular septum 4. once within the septum the AV bundle divides into left and right bundles (bundle branches) 5. these bundles pass the impulse to purkinje fibers that begin at the heart apex 6. the purkinje fibers spread the impulse superiorly from the apex to all of the ventricular myocardium

internal heart anatomy

heart has four hollow chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle heart has four valves two atroventricular valves-their closure causes the first heart sound "lubb" two semilunar valves-at base of great arteries-their closure causes the second heart sound "dupp"

innervation of the heart

heart is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS their fibers make up the cardiac plexus autonomic innervation does not initiate a heartbeat but it can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat

cardiovascular system

heart is the center arteries and veins the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called great vessels heart valves ensure its blood flow is unidirectional two side-by-side pumps that work at the same rate and pump the same volume of blood one pump directs blood to the lungs one pump directs blood to body tissues the heart generates blood pressure through alternate cycles of contraction and relaxation

The valve that prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle is the _______ _______ valve.

pulmonary semilunar

coronary circulation

the right and left coronary arteries travel within coronary sulcus and supply the heart wall with oxygen and nutrients branch off ascending aorta just superior to aortic semilunar valve circulation the right coronary artery branches into right marginal artery: supplies the right border of the heart posterior interventricular artery: supplies posterior surfaces of the left and right ventricles the left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular artery: also called left anterior descending artery supplies anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricualr septum circumflex artery: supplies the left atrium and ventricle

major cardiac veins

three major cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium great cardiac vein: runs alongside anterior interventricular artery middle cardiac vein: runs alongside posterior interventricular artery small cardiac vein: travels close to the right marginal artery

pericardium

tough sac restricts heart movement so that it moves only slightly within the thorax composed of two parts: fibrous pericardium: tougher outer sac, serous pericardium: composed of parietal and visceral layers pericardial cavity: thin space between layers of serous pericardium containing serous fluid