Chapter 22

Louis Philippe

Accepted the Constitutional Charter of 1814; adopted the red, white, and blue flag of the French Revolution; and admitted that he was merely the "king of the french people." "Bourgeois Monarchy" had been characterized by stubborn inaction and complacency.

Corn Laws

British laws, revised in 1815, that prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

Charles X

Louis's successor. A true reactionary, Charles wanted to re-establish the old order in France. Increasingly blocked by the opposition of the deputies, Charles's government turned in 1830to military adventure in an effort to rally French nationalism and gain popular support.

Klemens von Metternich

an internationally oriented aristocrat who made a brilliant diplomatic career in Austria. Austrian foreign minister from 1809 to 1848, the cosmopolitan and conservative Metternich had a pessimistic view of human nature, which he believed was ever prone to error, excess, and self-serving behavior.

Frederick William IV

When the artisans and factory workers in Berlin exploded in March 1848 and joined temporarily with the middle-class liberals in struggle against the monarchy, the autocratic yet compassionate Frederick William IV vacillated and finally cave in. Wanted to be emperor but only on his own authoritarian terms, tired to get the small monarchs of Germany to elect him emperor, Austria balked. It had failed completely.

Feb. 22,1848

Workers joined by some students began tearing up the cobblestones and building barricades in the narrow streets of Paris on the night of this date. Armed with guns and dug in behind their makeshift fortresses, the workers and students demanded a new.

Alexis de Tocqueville

One of the moderate republicans was the author of Democracy in America. Who had predicted the overthrow of Louis Philippe's government.

Karl Marx

Published The Communist Manifesto, which became the bible of socialism. He argued that the interests of the middle class and those of the industrial working class were inevitably opposed to each other. Indeed, according to the manifesto, the "history of all previously existing society is the history of class struggles."

Ferdinand I (Austria)

The Habsburg emperor Ferdinand I capitulated and promised reforms and a liberal constitution. Monarchy abolished serfdom with its degrading forced labor and feudal services, the newly free peasants lost interest in the political and social questions agitating the cities. The coalition of urban revolutionaries also broke down along class lines over the issue of socialist workshops and universal voting rights for men.

Alexander Ypsilanti

The rising national movement led to the formation of secret societies and then to revolt in 1821, led by Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek patriot and a general in the Russian army.

Constituent Assembly

Voting in most cases for the first time, the people of France elected to the new Constituent Assembly about five hundred moderate republicans, three Hundred monarchists, and one hundred radicals who professed various brands of socialism.

Socialism

a backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.

Laissez Faire

a doctrine of economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Reform Bill of 18322

a major British political reform that in creased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.

Congress of Vienna

a meeting of the Quadruple Alliance---Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain---and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.

Romanticism

a movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

Battle of Peterloo

a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws in 1819; it was broken up by armed cavalry.

Dual Revolution

a term that historian Eric Hobsbawm used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse and reinforce each other after 1815.

Great Famine

a terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change, and the name of the mid-nineteenth-century famine that was the result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.

Holy Alliance

an alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Russia, and Prussia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

Carlsbad Decrees

issued 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.

Nationalism

the idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

Liberalism

the principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.