CHAPTER 22 LESSON 3: HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP AND NONNUTRITIVE SWEETENERS
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. Steviol glycosides (Stevia extract)
300X
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. Saccharin
400X
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. SUCRALOSE
600X
High Fructose Corn Syrup definition Any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution.
Isotopic Tracer
High Fructose Corn Syrup numerous meta-analyses have reported that fructose ...
does not differentially affect body weight , blood lipids , or the development of fatty liver from other forms of carbohydrates when the two are matched for energy and may, in fact, reduce blood pressure and benefit glycemic control
Appetite the effects of NNS on hunger appear relatively benign. Only 10 of 60 studies investigating how NNS use affects short-term appetite and food intake have reported increases. The other 50 studies reported ...
either no effects (n=39) or reductions in appetite and food intake (n=11).
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are food additives that ...
offer all the joy of sugar without the calories or metabolic effects of sugars (like increasing blood glucose and insulin after eating them). They can be made naturally, usually extracted from plants, or synthetically. The synthetic NNS are colloquially referred to as artificial sweeteners.
High Fructose Corn Syrup High Fructose Corn Syrup Production
1. Corn kernels are steeped in 122°F water for 30-40 hours. 2. Corn is ground breaking the germ away from the rest of the kernel. 3.Germ is removed. Watery mixture is ground again. 4. Germ is removed. Watery mixture is ground again. 5. Enzymes convert starch to glucose, then more enzymes convert glucose to fructose. 6. Low to medium glucose is added to the fructose to make high fructose corn syrup.
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. Neotame
10,000x
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right.' Monk fruit extract (Luo Han Guo)
175X
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. ADVANTAME
20,000 x
Q Match the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. Acesulfame
200X
QMatch the Nonnutritive sweeteners to their sweetness relative to sucrose. To begin, click an item in the left column. Then, click the matching answer in the column on the right. Aspartame
200X
High Fructose Corn Syrup Coach corner Some health authorities recommend that no more than 5% of energy intake comes from added sugars. For a standard 2,000-kcal diet, this amounts to about ...
25 grams of added sugar or roughly ½ of a can of soda pop.
q What are the major differences between fructose and glucose? Check all that apply
Fructose is metabolized primarily within the liver. Promotes overeating and consequential weight gain compared to glucose. The body continues to create energy from fructose even if the body doesn't need it.
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners definition A zero-calorie food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar.
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners (NNS)
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners definition A synthetic nonnutritive sweetener.
Artificial Sweetener
Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Control Some clients may believe that NNS affect blood glucose and insulin like glucose and other carbohydrates. This is a misconception. When consumed in isolation, NNS do not affect either in the short-term. However, emerging data does suggest a potential worsening of glycemic control with chronic consumption of very-high levels of sucralose. Whether this occurs with other NNS is not known.
Coach's Corner
High Fructose Corn Syrup definition The process by which fatty acids are synthesized from other compounds (e.g., glucose) within the liver.
De Novo Lipogenesis (DNL)
DEFINITION A sweetener made from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose and fructose.
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
High Fructose Corn Syrup definition The enzyme that turns fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway.
Phosphofructokinase
Q Which of the following are considered natural NNS Sweeteners? Check all that apply.
Steviol Glycosides Monk Fruit Extract
High Fructose Corn Syrup Getting Technical the average American consumes ...
about 49 grams of fructose per day, and 95% consume less than 87 grams
Appetite Another possible issue with NNS is the belief that they cause people to ...
be hungrier and eat more because of the dissociation between sweet taste and lack of calories . This may be true of some people but not most, especially regular consumers of NNS who have altered activation patterns in certain pathways of the brain involved in food reward . These neuroimaging findings suggest that regular use of NNS can train the brain to dissociate a sweet nutritive taste from a sweet non-nutritive taste.
High Fructose Corn Syrup When discussing this topic with clients, it is important to emphasize that added sugars ...
can be included in a healthy diet so long as they do not promote overeating. Unless the client is consistently tracking their food intake, however, research suggests that added sugars will not be fully compensated for, making overeating more likely. As a general rule of thumb, minimizing added sugars in favor of nutrient-dense whole foods is prudent.
Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Control Whether these effects would occur with other NNS remains to be determined. Also, the timing of consumption may be an important mediating variable as the negative effects on glycemic control are believed to be mediated in part by effects on the microbiome, meaning that ...
consuming NNS in the fasted state would have a more pronounced effect on the gut On the other hand, the acute ingestion of sucralose 10 minutes before a glucose-tolerance test has been shown to potentiate the glucose-stimulated rise in blood glucose and insulin levels
Obesity and Weight Loss As the name indicates, NNS has zero calories whereas sugar has 4 calories per gram or 16 calories per teaspoon. Logically, for people trying to lose weight, ...
ditching sugar-sweetened beverages and using NNS can help slash calorie intake and contribute to weight loss. A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials reported that substituting NNS for sugar modestly reduced body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference among people who were overweight and obese Subsequent interventions have found that drinking 24 ounces of diet soda per day leads to significantly greater weight loss and less hunger over a 12-week period than drinking 24 ounces of water and resulted in maintaining greater weight loss over a year-long follow-up
High Fructose Corn Syrup The arguments against fructose stem from the fact that, unlike glucose, ..
fructose is metabolized primarily within the liver and bypasses a critical rate-limited step (phosphofructokinase) in glycolysis. This means that fructose will continue to be oxidized for energy even when the body does not need any whereas oxidation of glucose would be minimized.
Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Control As with obesity, observational research links the use of NNS to the development of Type 2 diabetes . NNS do not generally affect blood glucose or insulin like sugars do after consuming them . However, emerging research is linking chronic use of NNS to worse...
glycemic control, which could provide an explanation for their link to Type 2 diabetes. For example, two recent interventions have shown that regular consumption of sucralose reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy adults after as little as 2 weeks The dosages of sucralose were realistic, too: 168 to 200 mg/d or about 15 packets of Splenda.
sucrose and HFCS , both are a combination of glucose and fructose. Whereas sucrose..
is half glucose and half fructose, with the two molecules bonded to each other, HFCS is 55 to 65% fructose and the molecules exist as free glucose and fructose in solution
High Fructose Corn Syrup In terms of high fructose corn syrup, research suggests that...
it is not much different from regular table sugar. Encouraging clients to read food labels and look at the sugar content can be an easy way to minimize added sugars in the diet. Ideally, they would not be reading many food labels due to eating mostly fresh plants and animals, but that is not always the case. As such, getting in the habit of reading food labels can be an easy way to identify foods high in sugar that may not immediately appear to be.
High Fructose Corn Syrup On the other hand, when fructose is added into the habitual diet and evaluated under conditions of energy excess,...
it shows harmful effects on all these outcomes. This is not an issue with fructose per se; it is an issue with overeating. As already mentioned, though, sugar-sweetened beverages promote overeating and consequential weight gain
High Fructose Corn Syrup High Fructose Corn Syrup It is one of the most widely used replacements for sucrose (table sugar) in the United States due to...
its lower cost and comparable sweetness.
people who are most likely to benefit from using NNS:...
those with obesity those attempting to lose weight. After all, weight loss is an established method of reducing the risk of Type 2 diabetes and improving insulin sensitivity
NNS are associated with obesity and Type 2 diabetes due to the tendency for people with these conditions to consume more NNS in attempts to lose weight. Intervention studies consistently show that NNS facilitate...
weight loss when they replace sugar in the diet and can, therefore, serve as a good way for people to reduce calorie intake without depriving themselves of the sweet tastes they are accustomed to. This, in turn, can help with dietary adherence. However, extended use of high doses of certain NNS may worsen glycemic control without concurrent weight loss, suggesting that a conservative approach to their use is warranted.
High Fructose Corn Syrup If the body does not need energy, then the excess produced from fructose ...
will be stored as fat via de novo lipogenesis (DNL), which is greater in response to fructose than glucose However, DNL is not the main fate of fructose; isotopic tracer studies have shown that 50% of ingested fructose is converted into glucose, 25% into lactate, at least 15% into liver glycogen, and only 10% oxidized directly or converted to fatty acids
Appetite The health halo effect describes ...
a psychological phenomenon whereby people eat more of something they perceive as being healthy It is unconscious sabotage to dieters and can definitely mask any benefit of replacing sugar with NNS. For example, a common example is someone eating large fast-food meals alongside a diet soda (as if getting a diet soda allows for eating more of other calorie-dense foods)
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners There are currently six artificial NNS and two natural NNS that ...
are approved by the FDA for use in the food industry.
High Fructose Corn Syrup Authoritative bodies around the world have recommended limiting added sugar intake with goals...
as low as less than 5% of energy intake. Added sugar consumption in the United States has been on the decline . Numerous observational and intervention studies have demonstrated that consuming added sugars are associated with cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes, secondary to promoting excessive energy intake and obesity