Chapter 22 our solar system

How bright is Venus? Where is Venus located in the solar system ? How is the size and density? What is the atmosphere like ? Does it have any moon around ?

(-Second to the Moon in brilliance(brightness of color:) the second rock from the Sun Similar to Earth in Size & density - "twin planet"( earth size 3,950 miles (6,356 km)shrouded(covered) in thick clouds The atmosphere is 97 percent carbon dioxide-90 times thick atmosphere than the Earth.-We can't see. so we use a radar. Surface atmospheric pressure is 90 times denser that of Earth's it doesn't have any moons

The *topography of Mars-a detailed map of the surface features of land

*Pitted with impact craters, some imply *permafrost(frozen, icy soil) beneath(below portion of the Martian surface) 2/3 of the surface is heavily cratered highlands, the period of extreme cratering evolved early in the planet's history= that makes Mars unique. *topography= especially the shape of its surface *a large hole in the ground *an area of land that is permanently frozen below the surface

What may cause impacting objects to break up for impact craters

- Thick atmospheres-

Explain these 1. 1.Meteor 2.Meteor Shower 3.Meteorite

1. enters Earth's atmosphere then burns up 2. occurs when Earth encounters, a large number of meteoroids associated with a comet's path 3. physically hitting Earth

What is the most abundant (a lot of )elements in the Sun ?

1.90% hydrogen(H) ,2.10% helium( He)

What is the diameter of the Mar? How long does it take to revolve around the Sun? How about the surface temperatures range ?

1/2 diameter of Earth. 1"year"=687 Earth days to go around the Sun, but the rotation is about 24H Surface temperatures range from −140°C (the winter to highs) to 20°C(the equator in the summer ) Thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide (95%)

Jupiter

2.5 times more massive than combined mass of the planets, satellites, and asteroids If it had been ten times larger, it would have been a small star= it isn't a star Banded appearance Multicolored bands are aligned parallel to Jupiter's equator Generated by wind systems

Which of the following is a possible distance of the asteroid belt in our solar system from the Sun?

3 AU The asteroid belt is located between Mars (1.5 AU) and Jupiter (5.2 AU).

When did the solar system begin to form ?

5 billion years ago

How many moons does Saturn have?

62 known moons all around Saturn. Varying significantly in size, shape, origin.

What is the Sun made of (by mass)?

90% hydrogen(H) & 10% helium( He) Dense ball of gas- approx. density of water.

what category is Pluto classified as

A dwarf planet-the prototype(first) of this new category. Not visible with unaided (naked) eye. Discovered in 1930

How many percentages of the solar system's mass are contained?

A estimate 99.5% of the solar system's mass is contain within the Sun.

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

What is a Jovian planet?

A larger, low density, and gaseous. Massive Thick atmosphere composed of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia High escape velocities. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Also, called the outer planets.

What is a terrestrial planet?

A smaller, dense, rocky planet. Large cores of iron and nickel Low escape velocities Thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide or nitrogen Also, called the inner planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Formation of a impact crater Insert a drawing of a model of an impact crater and how it could change over time with erosion forces

A. The energy of a rapidly moving body is transformed into heat and shock waves. B. The rebound of over-compressed rock causes debris to be explosively ejected from the crater. Some of this material may melt and be deposited as glass beads. C. Large craters may contain areas of rock that were melted by the impact and a rebounded central peak. D Ejected material forms a blanket around the crater.

How many moons does Jupiter's system consist ?

At least 67 moons-probably asteroids.

The planets fall in to two groups, based on what? What are two groups ?

Based on location(relative to the sun), size, and density. The terrestrial (-land, Earth-like) planet The Jovian (happy, Jupiter-like) planets

When a comet nucleus approaches the sun ,what will it begin to form ?

Coma, tail A comet nucleus( frozen gas) vaporize to form them

These objects are composed of frozen gases (including ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide) that hold together small pieces of rocky and metallic materials. Comets Asteroids Chondrites Irons Micrometeorites

Comets

what are known as "dirty snowballs"?

Comets ( way beyond Pluto )-from two regions: the Kuiper Belt, and long period the Oort Cloud. Leftover material from formation of the solar system-nucleus- mixture water ice with dust and ice (methane, ammonia)

water (in Mars' past)

Considerable evidence indicates that liquid water flowed in the first billion years of Mars's past. Carved enormous(extrem large) valleys by *catastrophic floods-cuts and scars into the surface that were made by humongous floods Rounded grains on the surface imply long transport distances Mars has a North and a South Pole. The poles are mostly frozen carbon dioxide with only a little water. Ice caps(氷帽) composed mainly of water ice-frozen carbon dioxide( dry ice) vapor in summer the carbon dioxide is frozen out of the atmosphere and turn back to the polar cap in winter. *a sudden event that causes great suffering or destruction:

Nebular Theory

Describe the formation of solar system -Sun and planets formed form solar nebula Rotating cloud of gas and dust. -Solar nebula contracted and formed hot protosun -Planetesimals formed - Planetesimals become protoplanets.

What are called the 4 largest Jupiter's Moon ?

Discovered by Galileo in 1610—called Galilean satellites Io, the innermost moon, is most volcanically active in the solar system due to tidal pulls Europa may have liquid water Ganymede the largest of the Vivian, still active Callisto-the outermost of the galleon satellite it's heavily crated and very dark like Earth's Moon Also, Eight largest moons appear to have formed as solar systems condensed-

Which of the following describes a trend that occurs with increasing distance from the Sun?

Distance between planets increases Solar system objects become further apart the further they are from the Sun.-Distance between planets increases.

At what point during a meteorite impact are rock layers overturned?

During the rebound of rock layers after impact.

What is the atmosphere in Neptune ?

Dynamic atmosphere. One of the windiest places in the solar system Great dark spot-rotating storms but short life spans. a layer of white, cirrus-like cloud(probably frozen methane) above the main cloud deck

Which planet is the biggest in the terrestrial planets ?

Earth

Where does the sun's energy come from?

Energy produced by nuclear fusion that hydrogen collide( crush) with enough force that it meld( combine with) into helium

Which of the Galilean moons is most likely to have liquid water, which might support life?

Europa

Saturn is the only plane to have rings True or False

False Uranus and Neptune also have rings

comets :_______ vaporize when near_________ Produce ____________called _____________(= Latin= hair) Some way develop _____ that points away from _____ due to_______ and_________.

Frozen gases, the Sun a glowing head(huge-dust,t-atmosphere)he coma(= Latin= hair) a tail, the sun, o radiation pressure, the solar wind.

How does a comet's tail form? two types of tail

Gas tail-made up of ironize gas -nucleus 's ice submilated by the Sun. The gas is carried from the nucleus by solar wind. Dust tail-a comet tail made of dust that is released by the comet's nucleus.

What did Galileo see when he observed the Moon?

He observed two different types of terrain( area): dark lowlands and brighter, highly cratered highlands

What did Galileo think the dark regions on the moon first ?

He thought the sea, because they appeared to be smooth, resembling seas on Earth, they were called Maria( mar=sea, singular mare)

What causes tides on Earth?

High and low tides are caused by the moon. The moon's gravitational pull generates something called the tidal force. The tidal force causes Earth—and its water—to bulge out on the side closest to the moon and the side farthest from the moon. These bulges of water are high tides. pull of the sun and moon

Where is Mercury located in solar system and the size? What is Mercury's atmosphere like? How is the temperature rang ? What is the geographic feature ? How is rotation and revolution ? Does it have a gravity and any moons around ?

Innermost planet(最も内側） Smallest planet (of the 8) No atmosphere-it has the great temperature range ( day& night) hold heat That's why The temperature is very hot over 180-200 C, twice hotter than our planet its toasty because of no atmosphere Cratered highlands Revolves quickly(88days around the sun)-means close to the sun,the gravity from the Sun pulls faster. Rotates slowly(176 days) its own axis. Less gravity than Earth. No moons around it

How does the corona cause solar winds?

Ionized gases escape from the outer fringe and as the gases cool, then produce the solar wind.

Does Uranus have moons?

It has five largest moons have varied terrains

Neptune is believed to be as warm as Uranus partially because:

It's still contracting

Which of the two groups of planets is more likely to attract and hold low density gaseous material such as hydrogen and helium

Jovian

Greatest gravitational attraction

Jupiter

Name two planets that were massive enough to attract and retain large quantities of hydrogen and helium, the lightest elements.

Jupiter and Saturn

Saturn is similar to ____________

Jupiter in its but much-low density than Jupiter. big ball gas. Saturn is made up almost entirely of _gases like hydrogen and helium.

What is the chromosphere ?

Just above photosphere. Lowermost atmosphere( close to the sun) chromo= color Top contains numerous *spicules - narrow jets of rising material Spicules- jets(flares) of gas in the chromosphere of the Sun

The ___ extends from about beyond the orbit of Neptune to about twice the distance of Neptune from the Sun.

Kuiper Belt

There are dwarf planets located?

Kuiper Belt; a band of icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit. not the only objects to occupy their area of space( Pluto)-orbit-the-Sun.

What is the origin of asteroids? Where are they found?

Leftover planetesimals. Irregular shapes Small bodies - largest ( ceres) is about 620 miles in diameter. Most lie between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt.

What is called the Moon's light-colored areas ?

Lunar highlands( the first observer gave them terrae= Latin for lands) Bright, densely cratered regions Make up most of the Moon Make up all of the "back" side of the Moon Older than maria

How many moons each planet has ? Mar, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Saturn, Jupiter-Neptune.

Mar-2 moons, Mercury-0 Venus-0 Earth-1 moon Saturn-1 moons Jupiter 4 moons-Neptune-1moon

The dark regions of the moon are called

Maria (Singular: Mane) Fairly smooth lowlands Originated from asteroid impacts and lava flooding the surface

Least gravitational attraction

Mercury

What planet is the smallest in the terrestrial planets?

Mercury

Which is the least massive planet? Least massive planet:

Mercury

Put the planets in order from closest to furthest from the sun:

Mercury-Venus-Earth--Mars-Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune

Meteoroids are referred to as _____________

Meteorites when they are found on Earth. Meteorites are usually categorized as iron or stony- if meteor hits the ground, we call it a meteorite.-meteorites: impact the earth's surface, some make a crater.

What is the difference between a meteoroid, meteor, and a meteorite?

Meteroid-small space rock within the solar system.Meteor-rock that has encountered a planet or moon's atmosphere and is burning up.Meteorite-if rock doesn't completely burn up and make contact with a planet or moon's surface.

Uranus has a blue green color thanks to

Methane

Where do Meteoroids come from ?

Most of them come from the Asteroid belt. Most originate from the asteroid belt and impact Earth's surface, some make craters.

What is the smallest Jovian planet ?

Neptune

Which Jovian planets varies the most from the general pattern of spacing ?

Neptune

which planet is the smallest in the jovian?

Neptune

How about Tectonics for the Moon

No longer active *pieces of land that connect together on the Earth's outer shell.

Why is called Mars the red planet ?

Not only the reddish color of the Martian landscape(surface properties and processes) is due to iron oxide( rust), but also, the color of the atmosphere is tangle red

What does it mean that Uranus rotates on its side?

One side always faces the Sun, but the other never sees the Sun. Uranus's axis is so tilted almost 98 degrees to orbit

About a trillion comets are thought to be located far, far beyond Pluto in the_____

Oort cloud

What makes up our solar system?

Our solar system is made up of a sun, eight planets and their moons, and smaller bodies - asteroids, Dwarf planets, comets, Meteoroids( many are formed from the collision(crash) of asteroids).

Protoplanets

Planetesimals-formed-and became protoplanets.

gas tail vs dust tail

Points away from sun vs travel behind comet due to solar wind

How does comets orbit ?

Predictable orbit (they are elliptical) but very different orbit compared to Asteroids and other planets.

Jupiter rotations

Rapid rotation Slightly less than 10 hours - typical of Jovian planets

Apollo missions 11-17(12 times) (1969-1972) What missions actually landed on the Moon?

Six missions

How about the surface of the Moon ?

Surface is bombarded by micrometeorites from space which gradually makes the landscape smooth.

Why is the moon no atmosphere ?

The Moon's small mass ( and low gravity ) is the primary reason it was not able to retain(keep) an atomosphere.

Saturn's composition and internal structure.

The core is no rocky core to make it heavy-mainly composing of gas like hydrogen, helium, and other elements

ecliptic plane

The plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun

Compare the periods of rotation of the terrestrial planets to those of the Jovian planets.

The terrestrial planets take a lot longer in Rotation compared to the Jovian planets

How was the moon formed?

Thought to have formed as a result of a collision between semi-molten young Earth and a Mars-sized body.(Earth and an object about the size of Mars smashed into each other.)-The impact sent chunks of Earth and the impactor into space that were pulled together by gravity, creating the Moon. Earth is too small to have formed with a moon, because it is so large. A captured object would have an elliptical orbit similar to those around jovian planets.

Why does the Moon have thousands of craters ? Why don't the Earth not have those craters then ?

Thousands of craters impacts from meteoroids The Earth can cover the scar to have wind, water , and ice. it changes all the times. but The Moon doesn't have water, wind, and ice. If people die on the Moon, they are not going to rot(腐る)

Which of the following moons has a substantial atmosphere?

Titan and Triton

What is the largest saturnian moon of the 62 in Saturn ?

Titan. larger than Mercury. The first moon has an atmosphere. Titan was visited and photographed by the Cassini-Huygens.

What is the largest Neptune moon? What is unique(eccentric orbits) about its' orbit?

Triton Triton orbit is opposite the direction (clockwise) that all the planets' travel Temperature- the lowest temperature in the solar system (-391 F) Composed largely of water ice, covered with layers of solid(ice) nitrogen and methane. It looks like terrestrial planets because we can land and volcanic erupted. It looks like terrestrial planets because we can land on them

What is corona of the Sun?

Uppermost part of the solar atmosphere. The corona is usually hidden by the bright light of the Sun's surface. That's because the corona is more radiation and magnetism than it is light and is hotter than the surface of the Sun. Temperature at the top exceeds 1 million K.-it is hotter than the surface of the sun.

What is Uranus similar to? Compared to the size of the Earth's core? Does Uranus have rings?

Uranus and Neptune are nearly twins the core is 4 times smaller than the Earth's. Yes. It has a ring system.

Which planets are the hottest planet ?

Venus because of 97 % carbon dioxide= greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is trapping the heat and give it off to the planet. Even though it is far away from the Sun than Mercury.

Which planet rotates in the opposite direction of the other planets ? How is the rotation and revolution ? ( retrograde motion)

Venus only the planet is in the opposite direction of 224 earth days to spin once around sun (clockwise) 244 earth days to rotate around its own axis days are longer than years.

When does a meteor shower occur?

When Earth encounters a *swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet's path. *Move somewhere in large number.-A meteor is an asteroid or other object that burns and vaporizes upon entry into the Earth's atmosphere; meteors are commonly known as "shooting stars.

*wind erosion on Mars

Wind-The dominant force shaping the Martian surface abundant *dunes *When the wind picks up dirt and dust and moves it from one place to another *a hill of sand near a beach or in a desert

Where is meteor crater on Earth located ?

Winslow, Arizona

Does Neptune have moons ?

Yes. 14 known moons. The largest of which is Triton.

What is a nebula?

a cloud of gas and dust

The Great Red Spot on Jupiter is

a storm that has been raging(move) for more than 300 years because there is no mass for hit so it doesn't die out. In the planet's southern hemisphere Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic(a large scale) storm-like huge hurricane never goes away. travel around Jupiter

What are craters on the moon produced by?

an impact from a meteoroid

many of the recent impacts on the moon and earth were collisions with ____________________

asteroids

Explain why Jupiter is such a massive object and yet has a lower density

because it is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, ( make up gas) Furthermore, Jupiter is almost entirely gas and liquid.

Why is Venus so hot ?

because its atmosphere is made ups to 97 % carbon dioxide-prototype for an extreme greenhouse effect-as a result, the surface temperature of Venus averages more than 450 C it's hot the drops evaporate before hitting the ground.

The rings of Saturn are made of what ?

composed of small particles(moonlets) orbit the planet.-most prominent feature, discovered by Galileo in 1610, it looks solid but thousands of individuals of rocks and ice. Some of the ring particles are believed to be debris ejected from moons. the origin of planetary ring systems is still being debated.

Most of planets' AU distances are .

double

The surface of Venus

is dominated by volcanic geology... Mapped by radar because the atmosphere is so thick. We can't see it. Features 80 percent of the surface is *subdued plains that are mantled by volcanic flows. None of the volcanos are acitve.-The Earth is only the planet that a volcano is active. Low density of impact craters Significant geologic activity in the recent past(not a long ago) *平らな

Saturn has a density only 0.7 times that of water, which means ?

it would float in a sufficiently large tank of water.

What is the largest volcanoe on Mars ?

largest is Olympus Mons

Scientists have observed active volcanic-like eruptions or activity on which of the following moons? Titan Triton Io Io and Titan All of the choices

lo

On average, do the terrestrial planets have longer or shorter periods of fraction(number) than the Jovian planets ? Are the terrestrial planet years longer or shorter than those of the Jovian planets ? Terrestrial planet days are ______________ Terrestrial planet years are _____________

longer, shorter

What are Meteoroids called when they enter earth's atmosphere

meteors

How did hot protosun form?

most of the material in the solar nebula was collected in the center, where temperatures were hottest, forming the prostosun. Solar nebula *contracted and formed hot protosun. *to become smaller in amount or quantity:

What is the composition of the comet?

nucleus: small central body of rock & metal

(The Moon)Impact craters are caused by

planetary collisions with massive bodies - More common in early history of solar system - Craters exhibit central peak and *ejecta lands in or near a crater-*火山の噴火などによる〕噴出物

When comet nucleus approaches the sun, some way develop a tail that points away from Sun due to _______ and ____________

radiation pressure, the solar wind

Volcanoes on Mars

the biggest volcano in the solar system. Numerous large volcanoes astronomers see signs that lava flowed from the volcanoes in the past, but the volcanoes are no longer active-Active as recently as a few million years ago

When can we see corona of the Sun ?

the corona can be seen during a total solar eclipse. or a special telescope that blocks the intense light from the Sun itself

What causes a central peak to form in an impact crater?

the rebound of the rock layers after impact Does every impact crater have a central peak? Why or why not?

Jovian planets are farther away from_________ and their orbital paths are________ so it takes them more time to revolve around the sun although their rotations are ________than that of the inner, terrestrial planets. Because of their massive size, Jovian planets have thick atmospheres because of their mass and temperature.The bigger the mass, the greater the______,

the sun much longer faster gravitational pull- the factors are massive and distance( closet is more strong)

Galilean Satellites look a lot like_________________? Why ?

the terrestrial planets because they are much more rocky and metallic like the terrestrial planets. Also, they are larger than Pluto.

Write a general statement comparing the densities of the terrestrial planets t o the jovian planets

the terrestrial planets have more density because they are made out of rock

What is the photosphere?

the visible surface of the sun that includes sunspots and granulation : means sphere of light actually a layer of incandescent(producing a bright light) gas less than 500 kilometres thick-

Why are densities of the terrestrial and Jovian planets so different?

they are different because of what they are made out of (rock, ice, gas) and their size.

What's the size of the moon? And how about the density ?

• Diameter of 3475 kilometers (2160 miles) is unusually large compared to its parent planet - 3.3 times that of water - Comparable(similar) to Earth's crustal rocks - Perhaps the Moon has a small iron core

How about the gravity attraction of the Moon ?

• one-sixth of Earth's-which means less gravity