Chapter 22 overview

Explain the motives and key features of technology behind European maritime exploration and expansion

Spread religion (crusading mentality), Search for an alternate trade route to indies, to have powerful nation states, ship/sail design and navigation equipment, and the renaissance- individualism, optimism, and a sense of adventure

Circumnavigation

the action or process of sailing or otherwise traveling all the way around something, especially the world.

Bartolomeu Dias

Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so

Christopher Columbus

Columbus, Christopher definition. An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492. He had sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain, under the patronage of the king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, hoping to find a westward route to India.

Understand and discuss the connections between commercial rivalries and the Seven Years' War

Commercial rivalries + Political differences = The Seven years war. A war between Britain and France Took place in Europe, India, Caribbean, and North America In Europe, The Prussians(Britain ally) defended In India, the British and the French teamed up with local rulers to fight each other. British push French out of India In the Caribbeans, Spain joined France to prevent Britain from spreading their influence. British win and keep Florida but let go of the Caribbean Islands In North America, the war merged with the ongoing French and Indian war. British take Canada from France

Prince Henry the Navigator

Infante D. Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (4 March 1394 - 13 November 1460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator (Portuguese: Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador), was an important figure in 15th-century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire.

Compare and contrast key european explorations of the atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans

- 1291 the vivaldi brothers sailed from genoa in two ships hoping to get to india by going around africa but they failed in this... however they did contribute to a this idea of establishing a trade route to india - in mid 1400s prince henry the navigator (prince henry of portugal) conquered moroccan port of ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west african coast, bartholomew dias rounded cape of good hope in 1488 and enters indian ocean but doesn't go further because crew is restless, vasco da gama in 1497 rounds the cape of good hope and lands in india, his voyage was very difficult but his cargo of pepper and cinnamon was very profitable and a trading post was built in calicut

explain the origins and features of trading post empires

- europeans usually always sought commercial opportunities, they attempted to control spice trade in indian ocean but were unsuccessful, they did NOT have the human numbers or military power to impose their rule in eastern hemisphere, by the end of 7 years war the english military and merchant forces gained an initiative over their rivals that enabled them to dominate world trade and build a vast british empire

compare and contrast portuguese, english, and dutch conquests in southeast Asia

- similar to portuguese, english and dutch built trading posts on asian coasts and sought to channel trade through them, english merchants concentrated on india and dutch operated more from cape town, colombo, and java - english and dutch had 2 main advantages over portuguese 1)they sailed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships and 2) they conducted trade through joint-stock companies which allowed investors to get profits while limiting the risk of their investments - the two most prominent JSCompanies (joint stock companies) were English East India Company and the dutch counterpart - United East India Company (a.k.a. VOC), these companies were privately owned enterprises, they experienced immediate financial success, english east india company and VOC contributed to early formation of global network of trade

Important dates

1500s-1800s: European mariners charted the oceans, seas, and coasts of the entire globe

Explain the development of the Russian empire in Asia

Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian colonisation of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the Russo-Polish War (1654-67) that incorporated left-bank Ukraine, and the Russian conquest of Siberia. Poland was divided in the 1790-1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, south of Siberia.[8]

British east india co

The British East India Company (1600-1858) was originally a private company granted a trade monopoly with the East Indies by Queen Elizabeth I. Its success in extracting concessions from native rulers eventually led to its de facto control over much of modern India between 1757 and 1858.

Columbian exchange

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

Explain and identify key features of the Columbian exchange

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

Manila galleons

The Manila Galleons (Spanish: Galeón de Manila, Filipino: Kalakalang Galyon ng Maynila at Acapulco) were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked the Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific Ocean, making one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila

Trading post empires

Trading Post Empire. (Early 16th to Early 17th Century) First built by portuguese mariners. Instead of to control territory, Trading Post Empires were meant to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites.

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]; c. 1460s - 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.

Vitus Bering

Vitus Jonassen Bering (baptised 5 August 1681, died 19 December 1741), also known as Ivan Ivanovich Bering, was a Danish cartographer and explorer in Russian service, and an officer in the Russian Navy.

VOC

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) means any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions.

Lateen sails

a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.

Outline the origins of the global trade network

a)From the 15th to the 19th century a pattern of global trade flows emerged, mainly based on mercantilism. b)15th to the 19th century c)China, India and Southeast Asia have been for centuries the origin of trade flows mainly involving g luxury goods (spices, silk, tea, porcelain, etc.) d)

Compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.

Astrolabe

an instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitudes of celestial bodies, and in navigation for calculating latitude, before the development of the sextant. In its basic form (known from classical times), it consists of a disk with the edge marked in degrees and a pivoted pointer.

James Cook

n English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) Synonyms: Captain Cook, Cook, James Cook Example of: navigator. in earlier times, a person who explored by ship.