chapter 22
Which of the following is referred to as the "death cap" mushroom
Amanita phalloides
Antibody tests are commonly used for rapid diagnosis of many types of infection. However, they are NOT particularly useful for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Why is this so
Antibody tests are not useful because in endemic areas over 95% of the population has been infected without contracting the disease
Exposure to (Aspergillus/Candida/Microsporum) species most commonly causes allergies
Aspergillus
The fungus ________ can cause a variety of diseases, depending on the condition of the person
Aspergillus
Based on the lab results, which organism is most likely causing Tori's new symptoms
Candida albicans
Which of the following is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans
Candida albicans
Which of the following can establish a subcutaneous infection known as a mycetoma
Pseudallescheria
Which of the following produces a hallucinogenic toxin
Psilocybe cubensis
Which of the following media is preferred for the culture of fungi
Sabouraud dextrose agar
Infections with (dermatophytes/pathogens/opportunists) are commonly acquired by person-to-person direct contact
dermatophytes
Ringworm is caused by
dermatophytes growing in the upper dead tissue layers of the skin.
Infection of the skin by Trichophyton rubrum results in raised red scaly patches of skin, a condition known as
dermatophytosis
The true pathogenic fungi responsible for systemic mycoses have (dimorphic/monomorphic/polymorphic) growth characteristics
dimorphic
Blastomyces dermatitidis occurs in the (eastern/central/southwestern/western) part of North America
eastern
The cell membranes of fungi contain (cholesterol/ergosterol/fatty acid) which is a target of some antifungal treatments
ergosterol
Candida albicans can establish opportunistic infections of the
eyes, liver, mouth, skin, and other organs
Ringworm is a type I hypersensitivity response to fungus spores
false
Very few cases of cryptococcal infections are caused by the variant Cryptococcus neoformans neoformans
false
Which of the following medications is typically used for superficial candidiasis in AIDS patients
fluconazole
Most mycoses are difficult to treat because
fungi are biochemically similar to humans.
Which of the following is NOT a major contributor to opportunistic mycoses
growth of fungus in food
Exposure to which of the following is the least likely means of contracting a mycosis
infected individuals
Mycetismus is caused by
ingestion of toxic mushrooms
What is the most common portal of infection for true fungal pathogens that cause systemic mycoses
inhalation
Histoplasma capsulatum
is an intracellular parasite
In which population might we observe a higher incidence of thrush
the elderly
Which of the following contributes to the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans
the production of melanin and the presence of a phagocyte-resistant capsule
90-95% of the population of the Ohio River Valley has been exposed to Histoplasma capsulatum, but relatively few individuals are diagnosed with histoplasmosis. Why is this so?
A healthy immune system clears the infection before signs and symptoms can appear in these individuals
The diseases caused by Aspergillus species are considered opportunistic. Which of the groups listed here would be most likely to become infected with Aspergillus
AIDS patients
Which of the following could Tori's physician choose as a treatment for her yeast infection
-a topical over-the-counter ointment, such as clotrimazole or miconazolea - single oral dose of fluconazole
Which of the following infections are also caused by C. albicans
-oral thrush -fulminating disease
What percent of people harbor Candida naturally in their body without showing any signs or symptoms
40-80
How do blastoconidia and chlamydoconidia produced by yeast differ from bacterial endospores
Blastoconidia and chlamydoconidia are spore structures produced by budding in yeasts, whereas bacterial endospores are produced by bacteria under extreme conditions
Which opportunistic fungus is characterized by pseudohyphae
Candida
Which of the following habits might best prevent infection with Candida
Change wet diapers often
Ergometrine, which is used to stimulate labor contractions, is a product of
Claviceps purpurea
Which of the following sources of fungal intoxications can play a beneficial role as pharmaceuticals
Claviceps purpurea
A retiree, tired of Minnesota winters, moves to Tucson, Arizona. He hopes the warm dry climate will ease his chronic respiratory problems. He soon experiences a new kind of weather, a massive dust storm. With which of the following fungi might he become infected
Coccidioides immitis
Which of the following fungal infections may progress to infection of the brain
Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Mucor
Dermatophytes, which live on the surface of the skin, are always pathogenic
False
Fungi that cause systemic mycoses are uniformly acquired by ingesting contaminated food
False
Mycoses are typically highly contagious
False
Vaccines to prevent fungal infection are widely available because attenuated strains are safe
False
A person who shares a hairbrush with other family members is most likely to be at risk for which of the following mycoses
Favus
Which of the following statements best describes why the treatment for Tori's fungal infection may result in side effects to her own cells
Fungal cells and human cells have a nucleus, multiple organelles, and 80S ribosomes for protein synthesis
Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted most commonly through what mechanism
Histoplasma capsulatum is transmitted via inhalation of airborne spores
Why are subcutaneous mycoses uncommon
Injury is necessary to introduce the fungus into the tissue.
Which of the following statements about Malassezia is FALSE
It causes phaeohyphomycosis
Which of the following statements about Candida is FALSE
It is easily treated with topical antifungals in immunocompromised patients
A solution of (GMS/KOH/DIF) is used to dissolve keratin and cellular material in skin scrapings, leaving only the fungal cells for examination
KOH
Pityriasis, characterized by patches of hyperpigmented and depigmented skin on the trunk and arms, is due to cutaneous infection with
Malassezia furfur
Which of the following fungi is an obligate intracellular parasite
Microsporidium
The opportunistic obligate parasite (Microsporum/Pneumocystis/Rhizopus) is considered a member of the normal microbiota
Pneumocystis
The opportunistic pathogen ________ is metabolically and morphologically distinctive from other fungi and is not effectively treated with antifungal medications
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Which of the following fungal infections was extremely rare prior to the AIDS epidemic
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Which of the following fungal infections can be contracted through thorn pricks or wood splinters
Sporothrix schenckii
Which of the following best explains why Tori developed a new series of symptoms
The antibiotics that treated Tori's primary respiratory infection also removed some of her normal bacterial flora, resulting in an overgrowth of other organisms
What is the best way to prevent disease caused by Aspergillus species
The best way to prevent disease caused by Aspergillus species is to take steps to maintain a healthy immune system
Which of the following is FALSE regarding antifungal vaccines
There are several safe vaccines against fungal diseases in development
Which of the following dermatophytes infects hair as well as skin
Trichophyton species
A basidiomycete in the genus (Candida/Penicillium/Trichosporon) has recently been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen of AIDS patients
Trichosporon
Histoplasma and Coccidioides produce tuberculosis-like damage to the lungs that can be seen on X-ray images
True
Systemic infections with fungus are difficult to treat because fungi are metabolically similar to humans, so antifungal therapies are sometimes complicated by side effects
True
The seriousness of Coccidioides infection can be attributed to the formation and rupture of spherules
True
Which of the following is a predisposing factor for the formation of noninvasive aspergillomas
Tuberculosis
The monomorphic fungus Rhizopus is a(n
common bread mold and an opportunistic pathogen
How do pseudohyphae in yeasts differ from vegetative hyphae in filamentous fungi
Yeasts use pseudohyphae to invade host tissue, whereas filamentous fungi use their vegetative hyphae for obtaining nutrients
The most common disease diagnosed in humans that is caused by Cryptococcus is
cryptococcal meningitis
Chronic low-level ingestion of ________ may cause liver cancer
aflatoxin
There are three clinical forms of disease caused by Aspergillus: allergic hypersensitivity, noninvasive aspergilloma, and acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Which of these forms do you think is most common and why
allergic hypersensitivity
What antifungal drug is commonly used to treat systemic mycoses of pathogenic fungi
amphotericin B
Opportunistic fungi
are normal microbiota for many individuals
Which of the following techniques reveal(s) the presence of fungal cells in tissues
both KOH treatment and Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) staining
Factors that contribute to difficulty in eliminating fungal infections via the body's defenses include
both resistance to phagocytosis and cell mediated immunity
Clusters of budding yeast and branching pseudohyphae are consistent with (candidiasis/dermatophytosis/histoplasmosis
candidiasis
White patches on the surface of the tongue and the oral mucosa accompanied by inflammation and swelling are signs consistent with
candidiasis
KOH preparations dissolve which of the following
keratin
All of the true pathogen fungi discussed in this chapter are
members of the Ascomycota and are dimorphic
Mycetismus is another name for __________
mushroom poisoning
Eating moldy grain may result in (mycetismus/mycetoma/mycotoxicosis
mycotoxicosis
Which of the following diseases caused by Histoplasma capsulatum is due in part to an immune response
ocular histoplasmosis
Fungi that cause disease only in people with poor immunity or disrupted microbiomes are called
opportunistic fungi
Which structure is characteristic of Candida
pseudohyphae
Which of the following types of disease is the most common manifestation of coccidioidomycosis
pulmonary
Most fungi exist as (parasites/saprobes/autotrophs) and function as the major decomposers of organic material
saprobes
The presence of (hyphae/spores/spherules) in a sample from the lungs is diagnostic for coccidioidomycosis
spherules
Histoplasmosis may be diagnosed by observation of (spherules/spiny spores/pseudohyphae) in samples from the lungs
spiny spores
The opportunistic infection known as (aspergillosis/cryptococcosis/sporotrichosis) may develop into a series of nodular, pus-filled lesions on a limb
sporothrichosis
The subcutaneous infection known as ________ can produce a series of lesions spreading from the initial infection point resulting from the fungus' ability to invade the lymphatic vessels
sporotrichosis
What is the diagnostic structure produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
steering wheel" buds visible in stained tissue samples
Which of the following forms of aspergillosis would most likely be observed in a patient with AIDS
systemic aspergillosis
Which of the following is an incorrect association
tinea capitis: groin
Which of the following types of fungal disease is primarily the result of ingestion
toxicosis
Psilocybin is a
toxin that acts as a hallucinogen
Aspergillus causes both mycoses and mycotoxicosis
true
Ocular histoplasmosis is a(n)
type I hypersensitivity immune reaction.
Chronic inhalation of particular fungal allergens would lead to a(n
type III hypersensitivity reaction
In which part of the body would candidiasis present as curd-like
vagina
The observation of ________ is diagnostic of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum
yeast cells in macrophages