chapter 22 questions patho

Which characteristic of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is TRUE when diagnosed in children? (select all that apply)

1) It is more commonly diagnosed than Hodgkin lymphoma. 2) It is seldom seen in children younger than 5 years of age. 3) An immunodeficiency is a risk factor. Statistics show that NHL occurs more often than Hodgkin lymphoma. The disease is rare before the age of 5 years. At particular risk are children with inherited or acquired immunodeficiency syndromes. NHL is a rapidly progressing disease; symptoms generally are present only a few weeks before diagnosis is made. Symptoms often include abdominal pain and vomiting, but a palpable mass is not always present.

Which statements regarding hemophilia are accurate? (select all that apply)

1) There is a dangerous tendency to bleed. 2) It is considered a hereditary disorder. 3) Blood coagulation is chronically impaired. 4) Women are carriers of the disorder. Hemophilia is a condition characterized by impairment of the coagulation of blood and a subsequent tendency to bleed. The classic disease is hereditary and limited to males, being transmitted through the female to the second generation.

Which statement regarding maternal antibodies is TRUE?

ABO incompatibility can cause hemolytic disease without erythrocytes escaping maternal circulation. Anti-Rh antibodies are formed only in response to the presence of incompatible (Rh-positive) erythrocytes in the blood of an Rh-negative mother. Sources of exposure include fetal blood that is mixed with the mother's blood at the time of delivery, transfused blood, and, rarely, previous sensitization of the mother by her own mother's incompatible blood. ABO incompatibility can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn without erythrocytes escaping maternal circulation. Placental detachment results in a large number of fetal erythrocytes entering the mother's bloodstream. The first Rh-incompatible pregnancy usually presents with no difficulties. Anti-Rh antibodies are formed in response to the presence of incompatible (Rh-positive) erythrocytes in the blood of an Rh-negative mother.

Which statement regarding anemia in children is TRUE?

Anemia is the most common blood disorder in children. Anemia is the most common blood disorder in children. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency, and not sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder. There are two large categories for hemolytic anemia, including increased destruction and disorders related to damaging extra erythrocytic factors.

Which condition is defined as the "profound anemia caused by decreased erythropoiesis"?

Aplastic crisis Aplastic crisis is a profound anemia caused by diminished erythropoiesis despite an increased need for new erythrocytes. Vaso-occlusive crisis may develop spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, cold temperatures, dehydration, or low pH. This is when the cells clump and occlude vessels. Sequestration crisis is when large amounts of the blood become pooled in the liver and spleen. Hyperhemolytic crisis is unusual and often occurs with G6PD.

Which condition is defined as "the release of immature nucleated red cells into the bloodstream"?

Erythroblastosis fetalis The definition in the stem is that of erythroblastosis fetalis. Hydrops fetalis is the term for fetuses that do not survive anemia in utero and are stillborn with gross edema of the entire body. Icterus neonatorum is neonatal jaundice. Icterus gravis neonatorum is death due to cerebral damage secondary to bilirubin deposition on brain.

Which clinical manifestation is suggestive of leukemia? (select all that apply)

Fever present Fatigue Hemoglobin <7 g/dl The onset of leukemia may be abrupt or insidious, but the most common symptoms reflect the consequence of bone marrow failure: decreased red blood cells and platelets and changes in white blood cells. Pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding, and fever generally are present. Approximately 45% of children have hemoglobin level below 7 g/dl.

Which event is the most common trigger for the sickling process seen in sickle cell disease?

Hypoxemia Hypoxemia is the most common cause of sickling. Currently, there is no research to support that the other options trigger sickling.

Which statement regarding a Coombs test is accurate?

Indirect Coombs measures antibodies in the mother's circulation. The indirect Coombs measures antibody in the mother's circulation and indicates if the fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease. The direct Coombs test measures antibodies already bound to the surfaces of fetal erythrocytes and is used primarily to confirm the diagnosis of antibody-mediated hemolytic disease.

Which disease process occurs in patients with two hemoglobin (Hgb) abnormalities in which at least one involves the Hb gene?

Sickle cell thalassemia Sickle cell thalassemia is characterized by two Hgb abnormalities, one involving the Hb(s) gene. Sickle cell anemia has two Hb(s) genes. Sickle cell trait has one Hb and one normal Hg(A). Hereditary spherocytosis often represents a new mutation.

Which of the following is a characteristic of sickle cell disease? It is:

an autosomal recessive disease. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease. It is most common in central Africa, the Near East, the Mediterranean, and part of India. In sickle cell disease, the patient has two Hb(s) genes, and this represents the homozygous form of this disease.