chapter 22 respiratory exam
Describe the characteristics of keeping alveoli dry?
- large amounts of water in lungs is bad - we already have water and we dont need more or drowning will occur and gas/air cant be added to the blood - it is crucial to prevent fluid from accumulating in the alveoli, because gases diffuse too slowly through liquid sufficiently aerate the blood. - gases diffuse to slowly through liquid to sufficiently aerate the blood - except for a thin oil of moisture on the aveolar wall, the alveoli are kept dry by the absorption of excess water by the blood capillaries - alveoli are kept dry by absorption of excess liquid by the blood capillaries. - the lungs also have a more extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body
what is atmospheric (barometric) pressure and what is the value for respiratory purposes?
- the pressure that drives inspiration - the weight of air above us - 760 mm Hg at sea level, or 1 atmosphere (1 atm) - it is lower at higher elevations - 1 atm - 760 mmHg assumed to be zero for respiratory purposes
What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2? Multiple choice question. 10 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 65 mm Hg 20 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2? Multiple choice question. 10 mm Hg 65 mm Hg 20 mm Hg 40 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 500 100 1200 4600
500
whats the typical value of tidal volume?
500 mL
what is total lung capacity?
6,000 mL, maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
a normal total lung capacity would be _______ mL of air? 2500 6000 1200 500
6000
air consists of about?
78.6% nitrogen 20.9 oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0 % - 4% water vapor depending on temperature and humidity
what are the diameters of the bronchioles and the terminal bronchioles?
<1mm <0.5mm
Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Multiple select question. Main bronchi Alveoli Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Main bronchi Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following? Multiple choice question. Oxygen unloading Carbon dioxide loading Oxygen loading Carbon dioxide unloading
Oxygen unloading
normal systemic arterial blood has a?
PO2 of 95 mm Hg PCO2 of 40 mm Hg pH of 7.40 +/- 0.05
the narrowing of the airway is known as?
bronchoconstriction. This occurs usually people with asthma, these muscles often tighten in reaction to certain things. when this happens, the airways become narrow, which blocks the flow of air and makes it harder to breath.
carbaminohemoglibin
cabon dixoide
respiration
can mean ventilation of the lungs (breathing) or the use of oxygen in cellular metabolism
what does the terminal bronchioles have?
cilia
what type of epithelium makes up the type 2/secretal cells of the alveolar wall?
cuboidal epithelium
what mechanism allows gas exchange
diffusion
the nasal septum
divides the cavity into two cavities, also known as fossae.
respiratory membrane
each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplies by small branch of the pulmonary artery. The barrier between the alveolar air and blood is the respiratory membrane, consists only of the squamous alveolar cell, the squamous endothelial cell of the capillary, and their shared basement membrane
visceral pleura
forms the surface of the lung and extends even into the fissure between the libs
how is alveolar dead space calculated?
frequency * (TV - dead space)12 * 350 = 4200mL/min for exchange
where is the conducting zone?
from the nose to the pharynx and through the major bronchioles
where is the respiratory zone?
from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli
where is the respiratory zone?
from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli consists of the alveoli and other gas exchange regions of the distal airway
what cell and gland do the terminal bronchioles dont have?
globlet cells and mucous glands
what is a spirometer good/not good for?
good: tracking disease progression can't: measure RV
describe the features of the exterior nose
has an anterior area/dorsum nasi ("nose bridge") ending at the apex with exterior openings called "nostrils or nares with the alae laterally"
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______. Multiple choice question. hilum base apex root
hilum
what stimulates bronchoconstriction?
histamine, parasympathetic nerves (acetylcholine), cild air, and chemical irritants are among the factors that stimulate reduction of diameters.
what happens during forced breathing?
involve the sternocleidomastoud and scalene muscle to lift the upper rib cage even more than in normal breathing - accessory muscle raise intrapulmonary pressure as high as +40 cm H20
what is the nasal cavity?
is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face
respiratory system
is an organ system that rhythmically takes air and expels it from the body, thereby supplying the body with oxygen and expelling the carbon dioxide
what is the nasopharynx
is the distal to the posterior nasal aperture and supeior to the soft palate.
what is pneumothorax?
is the presence of air in the pleural cavity
what is gas transport?
is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissue and vice versa.
pulmonary compliance
is the total compliance of both lungs, measuring the extent to which the lungs with expand (change in volume of lungs) for each unit increase in the trans-pulmonary pressure.
the pleural cavity has a?
low pressure and thats why it connects to lung and ribcage
base of the lung?
lowest part of the lung, resting on the diaphragm
What does the visceral pleura cover?
lung surface
More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______. Multiple choice question. pancreas spleen liver lungs
lungs
where does the nasal cavity end?
nasopharynx
Choose all the structures that enter the lung at the hilum. Multiple select question. Nerves Bronchioles Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels
nerves blood vessels lymphatic vessels
what does air consist of?
nitrogen 78.6% oxygen 20.9% carbon dioxide 0.04% water vaper 0 to 4%
what are the anatomical components of the respiratory system?
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Within the lungs, air flows along a dead-end of pathway consisting essentially of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
what is the resistance to airflow?
pressure is one determinant of airflow; the other is resistance. The greater the resistance, the slower the flow.
What surronds the alveoli?
pulmonary capillaries each alveolus is surronded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by small branches of the pulmonary artery.
What system performs pulmonary respiration and external respiration?
pulmonary system
what are the different subprocesses of respiration?
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration
what is the technical term for breathing?
pulmonary ventilation: inspiration & expiration
what gets measured in pulmonary function tests?
rates and volumes of breathing
eupnea
relaxed, quiet breathing. It is typically characterized by a tidal volume of about 500 mL and a respiratory rate of 12 to 15 breaths per minute.
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. Multiple choice question. lymphatic cardiovascular respiratory digestive
respiratory
each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller?
respiratory bronchioles
what is the beginning of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles
one complete breath, in and out is called?
respiratory cycle
what is the barrier between the alveolar air and blood
respiratory membrane
base of the lung
resting on the diaphram
Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi. Multiple choice question. bronchopulmonary superior main segmental
segmental
What is external respiration?
the exchange that occurs at the lungs: carbon dioxide leaving the blood and oxygen entering the blood
what are the 2 components of the nose?
the external nose and the interior nasal cavity
what bones make up the skeleton of the nose?
the facial part of the nose is shaped by bone and hyaline cartilage. Its superior half is supported by a pari of small nasal bones medially and the maxillae laterally. The inferior half is supported by the lateral and alar cartilages. The flared portion on each side of the lower end of the nose, called the ala nasia, is shaped by the alar cartilages and dense connective tissue nasal and frontal bones, maxillary bones, and plates of hyaline cartilage
blood filtration
the lungs filter small blood clots from the bloodstream and dissolve them, preventing clots from obstructing more vital pathways such as coronary, cerebral, and renal circulation lungs filter small clots
What is inspiratory capacity?
the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (IC = TV +IRV) 3,500 mL
describe some unique characteristics of alveoli?
they have elastic fibers and dust cells (macrophages) as well as alveolar pores which allow pressure to equalize amongst all of the alveoli and allows air to escape in the event of a damaged/collapsed alveolus
bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) what does it promote
this binds to hemoglobin and promotes oxygen unloaded an elevated body temperatures (an in fever) stimulates BPG synthesis, as do thryoxine, growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine. all of these hormones thus promote oxyegn unloading in the tissues
What does the parietal pleura line?
walls of the thoracic cavity or the ribcage
What separates the right and left nasal cavity?
nasal septum
segmental bronchi is also called?
tertiary bronchi
what is the typical value of expiratory reserve volume?
1,200 ml
what is the value of residual volume?
1,300 mL - the volume never leaves the lungs
whats the typical value of inspiration resevre volume (IRV)?
3,000 ml
A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 500 3000 4800 1200
3000
how many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule? 5 4 1 2 6
4
the hemoglobin molecule can carry how much oxygen?
4
hemoglobin is specialized for oxygen transport. It consist of?
4 protein (globin) chainsm each with one heme group
what is the value of vital capacity?
4,700 ml
what is the normal systemic arteral blood for Pco2
40 mm
what is the anatomical dead space?
the 150 mL held in the conducting zone that doesnt get exchanged
what is internal respiration
the exchange that occurs at the capillaries: picking up C02 and dropping off 02
what is pulmonary respiration?
"breathing" brining in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
what is bronchoconstriction?
- a reduction in diameter - histamine, parasympathetic nerves (acetylcholine), cild air, and chemical irritants are among the factors that stimulate reduction of diameters.
bronchodilation
- an increase in the diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole - epinephrine and sympathetic nerves (norepinerphrine) stimulates bronchodilation and increase flow - increases diameter - wider - are a type of medication that make breathing easier. They do this by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and widening the airways (bronchi). They're often used to treat long term conditions where the airways may become narrow and inflamed
boyles law
- at a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume - pressure and volume - as one goes up the other goes down - enclosed gas is to change the volume of its container
what is alveolar gas exchange?
- movement oxygen and carbon dixiode across the respiratory membrane - air in the alveolus is in contract with the film of water covering the alveolar epithelium. For oxygen to get into the blood, it must dissolve in this water and pass through the respiratory membrane separating the air from the bloodstream. For carbon dioxide to leave the blood, it must pass the other way and diffuse out of the water film into the alveolar air.
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
- pressure inside the lungs decreases as lung volume increases during inspiration; - pressure increases during expiration - pressure decreases, volume increases - if the intrapulmonary pressure falls below the atmospheric pressure, then air tends to flow down its pressure gradient into the lungs. Conversely, if intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, air flows out. - aka intra- alveolar pressure within the alveoli, increases and decreases with breathing but always returns to "zero" to equalize with atmospheric pressure - if the lungs contain a quantity of gas and lung volume increases, their internal pressure falls - lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises
what happens during expiration
- seen mainly by the elastic recoil of the thoracic cages - inspiratory muscles relax, decrease in thoracic and intrapulmonary volume, alveoli compresses, intrapulmonary pressure increases to 1mmhg above Patm (760mmhg) - the recoil compresses the lung and raises the intrapulmonary pressure to about +1 cm H2O. Air thus flows down its pressure gradient, out of the lungs - in expiration, the thoracic cavity contracts in three directions, intrapulmonary pressure rises 1 cm H2O above atmospheric pressure, and air flows out of the lungs
cells that make up alveolus?
- squamous (TI) alveolar cells: cover 95% of the surface - Great (TII) alveolar cells: repair alveolar epithelium when TI are damaged. :secrete pulmonary surfactant - Alveolar macrophages (dust cells): keep alveoli free of debris
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
- wander the lumens of the alveoli and connective tissue between them - these cells keep the alveoli free of debris by phagocytizing dust particles that escape entrapment by mucous in the more proximal parts of the respiratory tract. - 100 million alveolar macrophages perish each day as the ride up the mucociliary escalator to be swallowed and digested, thus ridding the lungs of their load of debris - wander the lumens of alveoli phagocytize dust particles - 100 million die each day mucociliary esculator
carbon dioxide is transported in three forms
-Carbonic acid - 90% of carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate -Carboamino compounds - 5% binds to plasma proteins and hemoglobin. where hemoglin and carbon dioxide is formed -Dissolved gas - 5% carried in the blood as dissolved gas
how thick is the respiratory membrane?
0.5 micrometers
carbon dioxide transport
1. about 90% of the CO2 is hydrated to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions 2. 5% is bound to proteins. About 5% binds to the amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin to form carbamino compounds - chiefly carbaminohemogloibin 3. the remaining 5% of the C02 is carried in the blood as dissolved gas into the plasma.
what are the four factors that adjust the rate of oxygen unloading to the metabolic rates of different tissues
1. ambient Po2 2. 3. 4.
carbon dioxide is transported in three forms?
1. carbonic acid 2. carbamino compounds 3. dissolved gases
what are the two factors of resistance to airflow?
1. diameter of the bronchioles 2. pulmonary (lung) compliance
functions of the respiratory system
1. gas exchange 2. communication 3. olfaction 4. acid-base balance 5. blood pressure regulation 6. blood and lymph flow 7. blood filtration 8. expulsion of abdominal contents 9. platelet production
what are the three regions of the pharynx
1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx
Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.
1. primary bronchus 2. secondary bronchus 3. tertiary bronchus 4. terminal bronchiole 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveolar duct
what are the functions of great alveolar cells?
1. they repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous cells (type 1) are damaged 2. the secrete pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and protein that coats the alveoli and smallest bronchioles and prevents the bronchioles from collapsing when one exhales.
what are the 4 major respiratory volumes, their volumes, and their definitions?
1. tidal volume (TV) - (500mL) the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing 2. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - (3,000 mL) the amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort 3. expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - (1,200 mL) - amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort 4. residual volume (RV) - (1,300 mL) - amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount that can never be voluntarily exhaled
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space? Multiple choice question. 150mL 2500mL 4800mL 1200mL
150ml
the left lungs has how many lobes
2 superior and inferior
A normal functional residual capacity would be ______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 4800 1200 500 2500
2,500
what is the value of functional residual capacity?
2,500 mL
what is total dead space?
AnDS + AvDS (anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space)
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Anatomical dead space Expiratory reserve volume Physiological dead space Forced expiratory volume
Anatomical dead space
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? Multiple choice question. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance. Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? Multiple choice question. Dissolved gas Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion
Bicarbonate ion
As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law? Multiple choice question. Dalton's Law Henry's Law Boyle's Law Charles' Law
Boyle's Law
what is the function of the conducting zone?
Brings air in and out. Humidifies, warms, and filters air. to conduct or bring air into the body while simultaneously humifidying, warming, and filtering the air before it hits the respiratory zone serve only for airflow, essentially from the nostril through the major broncioles. The walls of theses passages are too thick for adequate diffusion of oxygen from the air into the blood nostrils, pharnxy, larnyx, trachea, and main bronchi pathway of air flow in and out
acid base balance
By eliminating CO2, it helps to control the pH of the body fluids. Excess CO2 reacts with water and generates carbonic acid; therefore, if respiration doesn't keep pace with CO2 production, acid accumulates and the body fluids have an abnormally low pH (acidosis) influences pH of body fluids by eliminating C02
Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system. Multiple choice question. Respiratory zone Conducting zone
Conducting zone
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Multiple choice question. Cellular respiration Alveolar gas exchange Systemic gas exchange Ventilation
Correct Answer Alveolar gas exchange
What is the respiratory membrane? Multiple choice question. Neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing Membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus Lining of the nasal cavity
Correct Answer Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Choose the components of a respiratory membrane. Multiple select question. Type I (squamous) alveolar cell Endothelial cell of capillary Two separate basement membranes One shared basement membrane Type II (great) alveolar cell
Correct Answer Type I (squamous) alveolar cell Endothelial cell of capillary One shared basement membrane
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. Multiple select question. Intrapleural pressure Partial pressure of oxygen Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance
Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance
what is vital capacity and how is it calculated?
ERV + IRV + TV = VC the amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible breath
what is functional residual capacity and how is it calculated?
EVR + RV = FRC amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
where is carbon dioxide loaded into the blood
First, there is a portion of carbon dioxide that is directly dissolved in the plasma, which is the liquid part of blood. The next part of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin, what's called carbaminohemoglobin. Most of the amount of carbon dioxide is chemically dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate ions
Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time? Multiple choice question. Tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Forced expiratory volume
Forced expiratory volume
Which of these occurs during exhalation? Multiple choice question. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. Lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
What is the respiratory membrane? Multiple choice question. Lining of the nasal cavity Membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus Neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. - Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue - Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs - Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane - Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Choose the components of a respiratory membrane. Multiple select question. One shared basement membrane Endothelial cell of capillary Two separate basement membranes Type II (great) alveolar cell Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
One shared basement membrane Endothelial cell of capillary Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? Multiple choice question. Angiogenesis Ventilation-perfusion coupling Pulmonary compliance Compartmentalization
Pulmonary compliance
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation? Multiple choice question. Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume
Residual volume
Choose all that are functions of the respiratory system. Multiple select question. Influences calcium metabolism Supplies the body with oxygen Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide
Supplies the body with oxygen Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide
Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? Multiple choice question. Alveolar sacs Lumen of the pharynx Venous sinuses Systemic capillary beds
Systemic capillary beds
What is the final branch of the conducting division? Multiple choice question. Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Segmental bronchus Tertiary bronchus
Terminal bronchiole
what tissue makes up the rest of the walls of the alveoli?
The great (type II) alveolar cells is covered by round to cubodial of 5%.
What is the intrapleural pressure? Multiple choice question. The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae The difference between the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures The internal pressure of the lungs The weight of the atmospheric air
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading. The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate.
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Dalton's Law states which of the following? Multiple choice question. The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present. At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure. The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature.
The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
What is the correct calculation for vital capacity? Multiple choice question. Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus anatomic dead space Anatomic dead space plus tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Multiple select question. Trachea Pharynx Main bronchi Larynx Alveoli
Trachea Pharynx Main bronchi Larynx
the main bronchi and its branches?
Your right and left main bronchi are the widest portions of your bronchi. Then your bronchi divide into branches that get smaller and smaller starting with; the lobar bronchi, which pass through a segment of each lobe. in both lungs, the lobar bronchi branch into segmental (tertiary) bronchi. There are 10 of these in the right lung and 8 in the left. Each ventilates a funcrtionally independent unit of lung tissue called a bronchopulmonary segment.
What is a spirometer?
a device that recaptures expired breath and records such variables as rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption
the pharynx
a muscular passage in the throat at which the respiratory and digestive tracts cross
what gets taken into account when calculating alveolar ventilation?
alveolar dead space
what is expiratory reserve volume?
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort
what is inspiration resevre volume (IRV)?
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort - beyond the amount normally, inhaled, its typically possible to inhale another 3,000 mL with maxiumum effort
What is residual volume?
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration; the amount that can never be voluntarily exhaled
what is bronchodilation?
an increase in the diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole
the conducting zone is called the
anatomical dead space
what kinds of palate make up the 2 sections of the floor of the nasal cavity?
anterior : hard palate posterior: soft palate
what makes up the various segments of the nasal septum?
anterior: composed of bone and hyaline cartilage inferior: the vomer forms the inferior part of the septum, superior: the perpendiuclar plate of the ethmoid bones forms its superior parts anterior part: septal cartilahes the ethmoid and spenoid bones compose the roof of the nasal cavity, and the hard palate forms it floor. The palate seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and allows you to breath while chewing food. The paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts of the orbits drain into the nasal cavity
what is alveolar dead space?
any clogged or collapsed alveoli that don't conduct exchange
The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung. Multiple choice question. base apex
apex
What is the oxygen transport?
arterial blood carries about 20 mL of oxygen per deciliter. 98.5% bound to hemoglobin in the RBCS 1.5% is dissolved in the plasma
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? Multiple choice question. As a dissolved gas within blood As bicarbonate Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
as bicarbonate
parietal pleura
at the hilum, it turns back on itself and it turns back on itself and forms the _____, which adheres to the mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm.
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ______ of the lungs.
aveoli
Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in
between alveoli and blood
what is the terminal bronchioles?
each bronchiole dovides into 50 to 80 bronchioles, the final branches of the conducing zoen. These measure 0.5 mm or less in diameter and have no mucous glands or goblet cells. They do have cilia, however, so that mucus draining into them from the more proximal air passages can be driven by the mucociliary escalator, preventing congestion of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli
respiratory bronchioles?
each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli budding from their walls. They are considered the beginning of the respiratory zone because their alveoli participate in gas exchange. their walls have scanty smooth muscle, and the smallest of them are nociliated. Each respiratory bronchiole divides into 2 to 10 elongated, thin-walled passages called alveolar ducts, which aslo have alveoli along their walls.
what stimulates bronchodilation?
epinephrine and sympathetic nerves (norepinephrine) and increases airflow.
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? Multiple choice question. Tachypnea Eupnea Apnea Hyperpnea
eupnea
expiration
exhaling breathing out of the lungs
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______. Multiple choice question. reflexive coughing apnea inspiration expiration
expiration
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume. Multiple choice question. inspiratory expiratory
expiratory
True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.
false
true or false; the pleural cavity contains the lungs
false
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
if a person inhales 500 mL of air and 150 mL of it stays in the dead space, then 350 mL ventilates/reaches the alveoli. - 350ml/breath x 12 breaths/min = 4,200 mL/min, - of all measures of pulmonary ventilation, this one is most directly relevant to the body's ability to get oxygen to the tissues and dispose of carbon dioxide - you multiply 350 mL ventilates the alveoli by the respiratory rate which gives you alveolar ventilation rate
Where are platelets produced?
in the lungs
What is the aveoli?
incoming air stops in this (millions of tiny, thin-walled air sacs), exchanges gases with the bloodstream through the alveolar wall, and then flows back out
inspiration
inhaling breathing and bring air into the lungs
Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consists of repetitive cycle of two phases:
inspiration and expiration
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _________ capacity
inspiratory
what is the respiratory membrane
it is the surface where gas exchange between the alveoli and blood occurs in the lungs. It is a thin membrane composed of the walls of the alveoli and capillaries. The respiratory mebrane is composed of the thin squamous epithelium of the alveoli. The respiratory membrane is located in the lungs
gas exchange
it provides for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and air is the physiological process of diffusion where oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream during inhalation, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs from removal during exhalation and exchanged between blood and air
olfaction
it provides the sense of smell, which is important in social interactions, food selection, and avoiding danger (such as a gas leak or spoiled food) sense of smell
communication
it serves for speech and other vocalization (laughing, crying) speech and other vocalizations
what is the function of the nose?
it warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; it detects odors; and it serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice. It extends from a pair of anterior openings called the nostrils, or nares, to a pair of posterior openings called the posterior nasal apertures or choanae to act as a passageway for air, and air cleanser, and air warmer, and an air humidifier. It also has olfactory receptors that allow a sense of smell. It has a part in quality of speech/speech production
a serous membrane, the pleura?
lines the thoracic wall and forms the surface of the lung. a double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung - it has two layers, visceral and parietal
what is pulmonary compliance?
means the ease with which the lungs expand, or more exactly, the change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change. - pulmonary compliance is reduced by degenrative lung diseases such as tuberculosis and black lung disease, in which the lungs are stiffened by scar tissues. in such conditions, the thoracic cage expands normally but the lungs expand relatively little
beneath the conchae is a narrow pasage called
meautus
the respiratory system what is the function of platelet production?
more than half of one's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes
platelet production
more than half of one's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs (not in bone marrow)
what is the order of airflow as air enters the lungs
nasal cavities (or oral cavity) pharynx trachea primary bronchi (right and left) secondary bronchi tertiary bonchi terminal bronchiole respriatory bronchiole alveoli (the site of gas exchange) alveolar duct
what is the internal chamber of the nose called?
nasal cavity
the nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves called?
nasal fossae
what do the two types of innervations of the lungs do?
parasympathetic - bronchial constrictionsympathetic - bronchial dilation
what are the two layers of the pleura?
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
what kind of process is expiration?
passive
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Multiple choice question. Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum Meninx
pleura
the space between the parietal and visceral pleura is called the ______?
pleural cavity
What is intrapleural pressure?
pleural cavity pressure becomes more negative as chest wall expands during inspiration. returns to initial value as chest wall recoils - the pressure within the pleural cavity that increases and decreases within breathing but is a -5 value (757mmhg) that always needs to stay negative - the lungs are elasticity, and tend to recoil inwards - the lungs and chest wall are pulling in opposite directions. this creates a negative pressure averaging about -5 cm H2O between the parental and visceral pleurae - space between lungs and ribcage should be negative or 754-756 lower than pressure in lungs and atmosphere - pressure in between the lungs and ribcage which is your pleural cavity
A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Myocardial infarct Stroke Pneumothorax Atelectasis
pneumothorax
what tissue makes up the walls of the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium (type 1 cells) surrounded by thin basement membrane squamous (type 1) alveolar cells cover about 95% of the alveolar surface area. their thinness allows for rapid gas diffusion between the air and the blood. the squamous alveolar cells cover so much more surface area because they're so thin and spread out, even though they're far outnumbered by the great alveolar cells
apex of the lung
sligthly above the calvicle
respiratory bronchioles their walls have?
smooth muscle and the smallest of them are nonciliated
what device gets used during pulmonary function tests?
spirometer
How many alveoli are in each lung?
spongy mass composed of 150 million little sacs. These provide about 70 m of gas-exchange per lung
what does the respiratory membrane contain
squamous alveolar cell (Type 1 (squamous) alveolar cell), the squamous endothelial cell of the capillary, and their shared basement membrane
the respiratory membrane consists only of
squamous alveolar cell, the squamous endothelial cell of the capillary, and their shared basement membrane
the nasal cavity expands into a much larger air passage that occupies three folds
superior middle inferior nasal cochea or turbinates
Name the lobes of the human left lung. Multiple choice question. Medial and lateral Superior, lateral and inferior Superior and inferior Anterior and posterior
superior and inferior
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______. Multiple choice question. reflexive coughing apnea inspiration expiration
superior, middle, inferior
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? Multiple choice question. Systemic gas exchange Ventilation Cellular respiration Alveolar gas exchange
systemic gas exchange
What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
what is the final branches of the conducting zone?
terminal bronchioles
what values are used to determine a person's respiratory health?
the 4 major respiratory volumes: tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), ERV (expiratory reserve volume), residual volume (RV) respiratry capacities: inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity total lung capacity
upper respiratory tract
the airway from the nose through the larynx (that is, the respiratory organs the head and necks,
what is tidal volume?
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing
what is minute ventilation?
the amount of air that moves into the lungs per minuteequals TV*respiratory rate
What is ventalation?
the amount of gas going to the alveoli
what are the 3 sections of a lung?
the apex (superior aspect) hilus (the groove that allows passage of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, base (inferior aspect)
what is the air blood barrier?
the barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar epithelum and capillary endothelim with their adherent basemement membrane and eoithelial cell
what is the respiratory membrane?
the barrier between the alveolar air and blood
what is perfusion?
the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
what system performs transportation of respiratory gases and internal respiration?
the circulatory system
what are the 2 portions/zones of the respiratory system?
the conducting zone and the respiratory zone
the nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by why plate?
the dividing wall is a vertical plate, called the nasal septum the palate seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and allows you to breath while chewing food.
what bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?
the ethmoid and sphenoid bones the ethmoid and sphenoid bones compose the roof of the nasal cavity
what does the conchae and meatus do?
the narrowness of these passages and the turbulence caused by the conchae ensure the most air contacts the mucous membranes on its way through. As it does, must dust in the air sticks to th to the mucus and the air picks up moisture and heat from the mucosa. The conchae thus enable the nose to cleanse, warm, and humidify the air more effectively than if the air had an unobstructed flow through cavernous space
what bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?
the palate (which separates the nasal and oral cavities) the palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and allows you to breath while chewing food.
lower respiratory track
the regions from the trachea through the lungs compose (the respiratory organs of the thorax)
what structures make up the bronchial respiratory tree?
the right and left primary bronchi, the secondary/lobar bronchi, tertiary/segmental bronchi, the bronchioles and the terminal bronchioles
what forms the roof and floor of the nasal cavity
the roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the ethmoid and sphenoid bones and the floor is composed of hard palate.
pleural cavity
the space between the parietal and visceral pleura. - it does not contain the lung; rather, it wraps around the lung, much like pericardium wraps around the heart. The pleural cavity contains nothin but a thin film of lubricating pleural fluid; the cavity is only a potential space, meaning there is normally no room between the membranes.
what can also change diameter?
the trachea and bronchi can change diameter to a degree, but are more constrained by the supporting cartilages in their walls.
what is the transportation of respiratory gases
the transport of CO2 out of tissues and O2 in
what is systemic gas exchange?
the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 at the systemic capillaries
forced expiratory volume
the volume of air or the percentage of the volume capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time
describe the appearance of the lobes in the right lung
there are superior middle and inferior lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures
describe the appearance of the lobes on the left lung
there is a superior and inferior lobe separated by the oblique fissure
alveolar gas exchange explain
this reaction occurs in the lungs essentially the reverse of system gas exchange. as hemoglobin loads oxygen, its affinity H+ declines. Hydrogen ions dissociate from the hemoglobin and bind with bicarbonate ion transported from the plasma into the RBCs. cloride ions are transported back out of the RBC ( a reverse cloride shift). The reaction of H+ and HCO2- revers the hydration reaction and generate free CO2. which then diffues them into the alveolus to be exhaled as does the co2 released from carbaminohemglobin and co2 gas that was dissolved in the plasma
The right lung has how many secondary bronchi? Multiple choice question. One Four Three Two Five
three
hilium of the lung
through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves a point on the surface of an organ where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, or nerves enter and leave, usually marked by a depression and slit; the midpoint of the concave surface of any organ that is roughly bean-shaped, such as the lymph nodes, kidneys, and lungs
alveolus
tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur is a pouch about 0.2 to 0.5 mm in diameter.
what is the function of the respiratory zone?
to actually exchange the respiratory gases
what is the function of the respiratory system?
to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
apex of the lung?
uppermost portion of the lung, projecting slightly above the clavicle.
where does the respiratory portion begin?
where the terminal bronchioles (the terminate conducting zone) become the respiratory bronchioles
what's the average respiratory rate and the resulting average minute ventilation?
~12breaths/minTVresp. rate --> 50012 = 6,000mL
