Chapter 22 study guide

What do plants need to survive?

*Sunlight*- to carry out photosynthesis *Gas Exchange*- carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen to support cellular respiration *Water*- to support photosynthesis and prevent desiccation *Minerals*- to grow

Adaptions of land plants (3)

- Development of a vascular system allowing plants access to water deep in the soil

Adaptions of land plants (2)

- Waxy cuticle to reduce water loss across cell walls

angiosperm

Group of seed plants that bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed; also called flowering plant

tracheophyte

Plants that have transport vessels, xylem and phloem. Vascular plant

plant embryo

A young plant in a seed that is beginning to grow

Byproduct

Something left over; the remains or remnants of a manufacturing process

Spores

Spores germinate and grow a structure that does not resemble the parent plant. This structure, a prothallium, contain all the sexual organs that give rise to a new fern plant.

Rhizomes

The rhizomes are vine-like strands that grow from the parent plant and grow along the ground. Roots grow from the bottom of these rhizomes into the ground, which then grow into new plants.

What does stomata regulate?

Regulates the carbon dioxide intake and oxygen outtake for photosynthesis

Groups of gymnosperms (1)

conifers

Groups of gymnosperms (2)

cycads

Groups of gymnosperms (3)

ginkgo

Groups of gymnosperms (4)

gnetophytes

charophyte

A group of freshwater green algae thought to be the closest relatives of land plants

rhizoid

A thin rootlike structure in nonvascular plants that holds the plants in place and helps plants get water and nutrients

Which is the most ancient surviving of the two?

Gymnosperms

Adaptions of land plants (1)

- More capable of reproducing without-water; pollen grains are dispersed, animal carriers etc

Adaptions of land plants (5)

- Specialized cells with thickened cell walls for rigid support

Adaptions of land plants (4)

- Stomata, which are pores in the cuticles of leaves which can open and close

How do plants minimize the loss of water?

-Fewer stomata, the pores in the epidermis or skin of the leaf on the leaf can reduce water loss -In hot dry climates many plants open their stomata only in the cool of the evening. -Small leaves have a reduced surface area to enable plants to conserve water -Needle-like foliage (grasses, pine trees) has a very small surface area that looses very little water. Some of these plants can roll their leaves inwards, further reducing surface areas and water loss. -Leafless plants, such as brooms, have lost their leaves altogether with stems undertaking essential photosynthesis and food production. -Grey or light colored foliage reflects light, reducing heat and thus water loss from transpiration -Thicker cuticles, the outer waxy coating on leaves, slows transpiration; many coastal plants have a thick glossy coating on the leaves, reducing water loss and also protecting from salt-burn. -Silver hairs coating leaves reflect light and help to lower temperatures inside the leaf, as well as reducing the effect of drying winds. -Thick fleshy leaves can store water; many succulents have thick leaves that, when bruised or broken, contain a great deal of moisture.

Function of: guard cell

-Guard cells line the openings of stomata and other organs in plants, opening and closing to moderate the process of respiration. -The chief role of guard cells is to prevent an excess loss of water through respiration, allowing the plant to trade oxygen and carbon dioxide without becoming dehydrated.

Function of: waxy cuticle pt3

-Lighter-colored leaves keep plants cooler because they reflect heat instead of absorbing it like darker colors. Light gray or bluish foliage because of its waxy cuticle.

Function of: waxy cuticle pt1

-Opens its stomata at night to receive carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and it closes its stomata during the day to reduce water loss through transpiration. The cuticle helps seal in the water, making the leaves virtually waterproof.

Function of: waxy cuticle pt2

-Protects leaf whilst allowing light through so the cuticle must not seal them permanently. If it did, it would disallow the gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis. This is one reason the cuticle's adaptation of teamwork with the stomata is important. The cuticle also works with the stomata to help complete photosynthesis. After the stomata open and carbon dioxide enters the leaf, the cuticle protects the mesophyll layer, which contains the photosynthetic cells that receive and process the carbon dioxide to manufacture glucose. The cuticle is translucent, so it does not block the sun's rays from reaching the photosynthetic cells.

How do seedless plants reproduce?

-Seedless plants reproduce by spores, rhizomes, plantlets and fragmentation.

Characteristics of bryophytes

-Small (10 cm in height) -Lack vascular tissue, roots, and stem; no xylem/phloem -Represented by 3 phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants; liverworts, hornworts, mosses -Absorbs water since it has no roots -Participates in photosynthesis -Contain rhizoids; root-like filaments that anchor to soil *Need water to reproduce* Flagellated sperm swim thru water to get to the eggs

Function of: stomata

-Stomata are microscopic openings on the surfaces of plant leaves that allow for the easy passage of water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen. They are crucial to the function of leaves as photosynthesis requires plenty of carbon dioxide as well as the release of waste oxygen and excess water.

meristematic tissue

-The region of plant tissue found at the growing tips of roots and shoots and in the cambium actively dividing cells forming new tissue -Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.

Function of: vascular tissue

-Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients throughout a plant. There are two types of vascular tissue. Xylem is used for transporting water, and phloem is used for transporting nutrients.

Plantlets

As a fern grows, buds form that develop into plantlets or miniature ferns. Once a plantlet become fully formed, it falls off the parent plant. Upon reaching the ground, it forms roots and grows into a mature plant.

Name two seed-bearing clades of the plant kingdom.

Angiosperms- seed in a vessel (flowering plants/ modern plants) and Gymnosperms (pine cone)- naked seeds

embryophyte

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

How are carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged?

Gas exchange is the process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave (due to transpiration) and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves. The gaseous balance in plants is quite complex because plant cells carry on both respiration and photosynthesis. All of this occurs through the pores in a leaf called stomata

Land plants evolved from ___________.

Green algae

How do plants use the energy of light?

Green plants absorb light energy using chlorophyll in their leaves. They use it to react carbon dioxide with water to make a sugar called glucose. The glucose is used in respiration, or converted into starch and stored. Oxygen is produced as a by-product.

bryophyte

Group of plants that have specialized reproductive organs but lack vascular tissue; includes mosses and their relatives

gymnosperm

Group of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones

When does stomata open/close?

Opens during the day closes during the night

Fragmentation

Most of the plants that use this method are mosses and liverworts. When this plant is ready to reproduce, it forms cups where sprouts or gemmae develop. These sprouts fall off the parent plant and grow into mature plants.

xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

phloem

Vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis through the plant