Chapter 23

The enzyme that chemically digests lipid molecules is _________

lipase

Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine

mass movements

The process of chewing is called ______

mastication

The esophagus is in the ______

mediastinum

Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine

peristaltic contraction, segmental contraction

identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine

helps fecal matter stick together lubricates colon wall protects intestinal lining

The liver is divided into ________

hepatic lobules

The cecum is at the ______ end of the large intestine

proximal

The gastrointestinal tract is also called the ____

alimentary canal

The ________ part of the tongue is freely movable

anterior

Mass movements of the large intestine are most common 15 minutes after ______

breakfast

Identify the region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine

cecum

The large intestine consists of the _______ and the anal canal

cecum, colon, rectum

The elimination of semi-solid products from the body is called _____

defecation

Match the basic function of the digestive system with the correct description

elimination: process by which waste products are removed from the body secretion: process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food

The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______

enteric nervous system

the organ that stores an concentrates bile is the ______

gallbladder

The digestion of disaccharides results in ________

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination

ileocecal junction, cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium

large intestine, small intestine, stomach

Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion

laryngopharynx, oropharynx

The muscle that acts to open the jaw is the ______

lateral pterygoid

Lipids are chemically digested by the enzyme _______

lipase

The hepatic lobule is a ______-sided structure with a(n) ______ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule

6, portal

Match the enzyme to its function

Pancreatic amylas: polysaccharide digestion pancreatic lipase: fat digestion trypsin: digests protein

True/False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption

True

Describe a hepatic lobule

a hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner

Match the basic functionof digestive system with correct description

absorption: movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system digestion: breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts mastication: process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area ingestion: intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach propulsion: movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the ______ organs

accessory

The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of ________

active transport

The vestibule of the oral cavity is the space b/w the teeth and _______

cheeks

Stomach contents are called ______

chyme

Identify the functions of the gallbladder

concentration of bile and storage of bile

The submucosa consists of _____ tissue

connective

What are the basic functions of the digestive system?

defecation, absorption, digestion, mastication, ingestion

Bile is produced by the liver to aid in ______

digestion

Identify the types of enzymes secreted by the small intestine

disaccharides and peptidases

The nasopharynx _______ transmits food

does not normally

The initial segment of the small intestine is the ______

duodenum

Place segments of small intestine in order of which food travels

duodeum, jejunum, ileum

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the ______

esophagus

Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids

fatty acids and monoglycerides

Food is ingested, digested and finally eliminated from the body as ______

feces

During stomach fillinf the rugae ______

flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume

Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?

fundus

Identify the secretions of the stomach

hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, gastrin, intrinsic factor, mucus

Mastication ______ total surface area of food for digestion

increases

When rugae of the stomach flatten, stomach volume ______

increases

The layer of the stomach that is not found in other digestive tract organs is _______

inner oblique layer

Identify the structure that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

lingual frenulum

Identify the structures that secrete lipase

lingual glands and pancreas

The largest internal organ of the body is the ______

liver

The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which _____ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which _______ intestinal contents

mix, propel

Identify the functions of the stomach

mixing chamber, storage chamber

The enteric nervous system contains _______ neurons than the spinal cord

more

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium

mouth, oropharynx, anal canal, esophagus

The tunic of the digestive tract that forms its lining is the _____

mucosa

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are _______ that affect digestive tract _____

neurotransmitters, motility

The epithelium that lines the esophagus is _______

nonkeratinized

The liver stores ______

nutrients

Which structure separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

palate

Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen

pancreas

Majority of lipase is secreted by _______

pancreas

Identify the structures that secrete lipase _______

pancreas and lingual glands

The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum

parietal

The 3 large paired salivary glands are the ______, _________, and _________

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins

peptidases, trypsin, pepsin, cabroxypeptidase

Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins

peptidases, trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase

Secondary teeth are also called _________ teeth

permanent

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth wehreas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth

permanents, deciduous

The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the _______ phase

pharyngeal

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______

proteins

Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?

pyloric canal

Which movement types mixes the contents within the small intestine?

segmental movements

Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tracr

serosa and adventitia

The abdominal cavity is lined by _________ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film

serous

Ions are primarily absorbed by active transport in the _______ intestine

small

Peptidases secreted by the small intestine break peptide bonds b/w _______ amino acid chains

small

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the _________

small intestine

Where is the majority of water absorbed?

small intestine

Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs

small intestine and stomach

Chyme is a ________ material

smifluid

What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

smooth muscle

Cholecystokinin, secretin, and the vagus nerve all _______ the release of the pancreatic juices

stimulate

Typically acetylcholine and serotonin ______ digestive tract activity and norepinephrine _______ digestive tract activity

stimulate; inhibit

Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber

stomach

Pepsin is secreted by the _______

stomach

Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the _______

stomach

The primary functions of the stomach are ______

store and mix chyme

The salivary glands directly beneath the tongue are called ______ glands

sublingual

The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the _______

submucosa

The network of nerve cells in the submucosa that regulates intestinal secretions is called the ____

submucosal plexus

Identify the functions of the tongue

taste, swallowing, speech, mastication

Identify the four muscles of mastication

temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach

the rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases

Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity

these are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid

The muscularis of the stomach consists of ________ layers; however the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of ______ layers

three, two

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the ______

tongue

True/False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication

true

True/False: Throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layers of muscles, except the stomach which has 3 layers

true

Match the oral cavity region to its description

vestibule: space b/w the lips and teeth oral cavity proper: space medial to the teeth

Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption

villi, microvilli, circular folds

In some parts of the digestive tract, the serosa is also the ________ peritoneum

visceral

Place the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal