Chapter 2.3 Assessment, Chapter 2-3: Carbon Compounds

Three parts of a nucleotide

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (-PO4), and a nitrogenous base.

lipid

A fatty substance that does not dissolve in water. Mostly from carbon adn hydrogen atoms. Can be used to store energy. Some are important in biological membranes and protective coverings.

saturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar. Glucose, galactose, fructose,

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules. Aka "giant molecule"

amino acid

An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins.

carbon carbon bonds

Can be single, double, or triple covalent.

2.A. Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

3.B. What class of macromolecule does the compound belong to?

Carbohydrates.

2.B. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compound.

Carbohydrates: main source of energy for plants and animals; proteins: regulation of cellular transportation of materials, cellular processes, formation of structures, and anti-bodies; lipids: storage of energy; storage or transmission of genetic information.

Butadiene

Carbon atoms are joined together by both single and double covalent bonds.

1.B. What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to different large and complex structures?

Carbon has the ability to bond to itself, and it has 4 valence electrons, causing strong covalent bonds to occur between carbon and another element.

Isooctane

Carbon's bonding characteristics allow it to form large and complex molecules.

3.A. What atoms constitute the compound above?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

1.A. What are the major elements of life?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.

Benzene

Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings.

fats, oils, and waxes

Common cateegories of lipids

complex carbohydrates, starches

Extra sugar

Carbon

Forms many strong covalent bonds, has four valence, forms molecules of life

Polymerization

Large compounds are formed by joining smaller units (monomers). Monomers can be uniform or different. What most macromolecules are formed through.

2.C. Why are proteins considered polymers but lipids not?

Lipids do not align with the definition of a polymer. Proteins are made of long chains of monomers that result in a product with new properties, but lipids are macromolecules that are in fact not made up of tiny components that make up a chain.

Cellulose

Makes plants strong and rigid

How lipids are formed

Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids. If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.

saturated in lipids

Max. Number of hydrogen atoms are contained

Methane

One carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms.

Acetylene

Two carbon atoms are held together by a triple covalent bond.

Starch

Used by plants to store extra sugar

Nucleic acid

a molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides. macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

Polyunsaturated

a type of molecule that contains more than one double or triple bond in the carbon chain.

unsaturated fat

fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

four major groups of macromolecules found in living things

Carbohydrate

molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. Main source of energy for living things. Sometimes used for structural purposes

Nucleotide

monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. Some play important roles in capturing and transferring energy.

Glycogen

storage form of glucose, the animal starch. In muscles, supplies energy needed for movement. Breaks down and goes into your blood when glucose levels are low.