Chapter 23 Master Review

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is A) Transferred to acetyl-CoA. B) Transferred to a keto acid. C) Transferred to a molecule in the glycolytic pathway. D) Converted to urea. E) Converted to ammonia

B

The process of deamination produces A) B vitamins. B) Ammonia. C) Keto acids. D) Urea. E) Acetyl-CoA

B

Most of the carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during A) Electron transport. B) The formation of pyruvic acid. C) The TCA cycle. D) Glycolysis. E) The formation of water

C

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is

calcium

The major anion in body fluids is

chloride

A mineral that is a necessary cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is

copper

Urea is formed in the

Liver

Flow & transformation of energy is called ________.

energenics

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

glucose

During the absorptive state the liver forms

glycogen

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.

phosphate

The major cation in cytoplasm that is essential for membrane function is

potassium

Are deaminated and excreted as uric acid.

purines

In the process of cellular respiration, each molecule of glucose that is metabolized yields enough energy to form ________ molecules of ATP.

38

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is metabolized releases how many molecules of ATP?

4

For adults there are ________ essential amino acids.

8

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

The major cation in extracellular fluid that is essential for normal membrane function is

sodium

Structural proteins can be used as a potential energy source during

starvation

During glycolysis A) A molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. B) 6 molecules of ATP are produced. C) More energy is used than is released. D) NADH2 molecules attach to the cytochromes. E) Carbon dioxide is produced

A

Lipoproteins carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called A) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs). B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). C) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). D) Very high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs). E) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs

A

A balanced diet should A) Include adequate substrates for the production of energy. B) Contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. C) Provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. D) all of the above

D

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that A) It occurs in the mitochondria. B) It requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. C) It yields large amounts of ATP. D) Excess lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. E) It is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle.

D

Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

D

Nucleotides from RNA A) Can be used to synthesize proteins. B) Cannot be used as a source of energy for the production of ATP. C) Cannot be recycled. D) Can provide sugars for glycolysis. E) Are deaminated to form ammonia

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

Inside the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid molecule A) Forms a molecule of citric acid. B) Directly enters the electron transport system. C) Is phosphorylated. D) Attaches to NAD. E) Loses a carbon atom.

E

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples of A) vitamines. B) transport proteins. C) Essential amino acids. D) Lipoproteins. E) Essential fatty acids.

E

Lipogenesis generally begins with A) Fatty acids. B) Amino acids. C) Glucose. D) Succinyl-CoA. E) Acetyl-CoA

E

Lipoproteins containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver are transported to peripheral tissues and are called A) Very high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs). B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). C) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs). E) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).

E

Coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH2 and FADH2 in the

ETC

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place and ATP is formed. in the

ETC

Provide energy for cells with modest energy demands and for skeletal muscle when energy demands are low.

lipids

Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids during

lipolysis

A cation that acts as a cofactor for enzymes that are required for normal membrane function is

magnesium

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called __________. - oxidation - cellular respiration - metabolism - energetics

metabolism

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A) Anabolism. B) Oxidative phosphorylation. C) Metabolism. D) Glycolysis. E) Catabolism.

metabolism

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

mitocondria

The mineral that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

zinc