Chapter 23: Respiratory System
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous process of respiration?
- Alveolar gas exchange - System gas exchange - Gas transport - Pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following substances can be carried in the blood bound to the hemoglobin
- carbon dioxide - oxygen - hydrogen ions (protons)
The external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ___ mmHg, while the PO2 in the blood is ___ mmHg
104; 40
There are several ways to measure pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch
14.7
The left lung has ___ secondary bronchi since it has ___ lobes; the right lung has ___ lobes and ___ secondary bronchi
2,2,3,3
How many oxygen Adams would be bound to hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated
3
During external respiration the PCO2 in the alveolar decreases from ___ mmHg to 40 mmHg
45
During external respiration the PCO2 in the alveolar decreases from ___ mmHg to ___ mmHg
45;40
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically close to which value?
760 mm Hg
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
A: Alveolar macrophages B: Alveolar pore C: Alveolar type I cell D:Alveolar type II cell
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: Inferior nasal concha B: Middle meatus C: Superior nasal concha D: Middle nasal concha
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
A: Sternum B: Scalene muscles C: External intercostals D: Diaphragm
Match the letter on the left with the structure in the right
A: arytenoid cartilage B: corniculate cartilage C: epiglottis D: cricoid cartilage
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: horizontal fissure B: apex C: cardiac notch D: oblique fissure E: inferior lobe
Match the capacity or volume with the letter on the graph
A: inspiratory reserve volume B: inspiratory capacity C: expiratory reserve volume D: residual volume
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: internal intercostals B: diaphragm C: sternum
Match the letter on the left that corresponds to the tonsil on the right
A: lingual B: palatine C: pharyngeal
Match the letter on the left with the pharynx region on the right
A: oropharynx B: nasopharynx C: laryngopharynx
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: pulmonary arteries B: hilum C: cardiac impression D: middle lobe E: base
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: respiratory bronchioles B: alveoli C: alveolar ducts D: alveolar sac
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
A: rima glottides B: vestibular folds C: vocal folds
Match the nasal cartilages with the labels in the picture
A: septal cartilage B: alar cartilage C: lateral cartilage
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: terminal bronchiole B: alveolar duct C: respiratory bronchiole D: alveoli
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: thyrohyoid membrane B: tracheal cartilage C: cricoid cartilage D: thyroid cartilage
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: trachea B: carina C: right pulmonary bronchus D: larynx
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: trachealis muscle B: esophagus C: C-shaped cartilage
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right
A: visceral pleura B: pleural cavity C: parietal pleura
Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.
A: vocal folds B: rima glottides C: vestibular fold
The small opening in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called ___ ___
Alveolar pores
In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
Alveolar volume
Which of the following are potential causes of hyperventilation
Ascending to high altitude A panic attack Conscious control of breathing muscles
Which are characteristics of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages Change the dimensions of rima glottides Close larynx when swallowing
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the
Blood
Respiration affects all of the following except?
Blood K+ levels
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations?
Blood and systemic tissues Blood and alveoli
Which are mechanisms for carrying carbon dioxide in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma As bicarbonate
The movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ___ law
Boyle's
The conducting airway of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following?
Bronchi Trachea Larynx
The ___ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles
Bronchial tree
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the ___
Capillaries
Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
Changes in blood PCO2 Changes in blood pH Changes in CSF pH
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the ___
Clavicle
Place the gasses below in order of solubility, most soluble to least soluble
Co2 O2 N2
Between the superior and middle ___ is the ___ meatus
Conchae, superior
In ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary arterioles dilate under what conditions
Elevated oxygen in alveoli
The large, spoon or leaf-shaped price of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx is the ___
Epiglottis
The letter A indicates the ___ sinus and the letter C indicates the ___ sinus
Ethmoid; Frontal
The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced ___
Expiration
True or false: Overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis
False
The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior
Frontal Ethmoid Maxilla
The movement of respiratory gases in the blood between the lungs and systemic cells is called ___ transport
Gas
A partial pressure ___ exists when the partial pressure for specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system then another
Gradient
Match the color on the left with the structure on the right
Green: primary bronchi Blue: secondary bronchi Yellow: tertiary bronchi Red: smaller bronchi
The postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervation both the ___ and the lungs
Heart
During inhalation, air flows from a region of ___ pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of ___ pressure within the lungs (the intrapulmonary region)
Higher...lower
On the medial surface of each lung is an indented ___ through which a bronchus enters the lung
Hilum
The oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the ___ inferiorly
Hyoid bone
___ is a breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand.
Hyperventilation
Which of the following are consequences of hyperventilation
Hypocapnia Rising blood pH Respiratory alkalosis
Which are potential consequences of hypoventilation
Hypoxia Hypercapnia
According to Henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid can be increased by which of the following methods?
Increase the partial pressure of the gas
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, ___ and ___
Inspiration and expiration
The ventral respiratory group of the respiratory center controls
Inspiration and expiration
The anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Which features increase efficiency?
Large number of alveoli Large surface area Thin squamous cells lining alveoli
The inferior region of the pharynx is called the ___
Laryngopharynx
The ____ is also called the voice box
Larynx
Which is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
Larynx
If two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ___ pressure
Lower
Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
Lowered PCO2 Lowered temperature Elevated pH
The autonomic nervous system innervates which which of the following in the respiratory system
Lungs Bronchial tree Trachea
Which are found in the mucous lining the respiratory tract
Lysozome Defensins Immunoglobulins Mucin
Both the growth of the thyroid cartilage and the longer and thicker vocal folds in mature ___ help explain why they typically have deeper voices than ___
Males Females
Total lung capacity is the ___ ___ of the air that the lungs can hold
Maximum volume
The greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the ___
Maximum voluntary ventilation
The trachea descends through the neck into the ___ from the ___ to the main bronchi
Mediastinum; larynx
Central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the ___
Medulla
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve ___ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2
More
The higher solubility coefficient the ___ gas dissolves in a liquid
More
The changes in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. Why does this occur?
More muscles are involved
Which can act as stimuli that will affect breathing rate and depth via reflexes?
Moving joints and muscles Deep inhalation Stretching of bronchiole smooth muscle
The ___ is the main conducting airway for inhaled air
Nose
The ___ fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung
Oblique
Which are characteristics of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx
Originate in hyoid bone or sternum Help with swallowing Stabilize larynx
Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood
Which statement describes the net movement the oxygen during internal respiration
Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues
The relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is described by the ___-___ ___ curve
Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the ___ ___
Partial pressure
While ventilation involves movement of gas is down total pressure gradient, gas exchange involves movement of gases down ___ ___ gradients
Partial pressure
Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Pharynx Primary bronchi Trachea
A loss of alveoli due to disease creates a(n) ___ dead space
Physiologic
A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun of a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura is called a ___
Pneumothorax
Which are functions of the larynx
Produces sound for speech Serves as a passageway for air Blocks food and drink from entering airway
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles ____
Relax
The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ___ bronchioles
Respiratory
Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradient and respiratory gas exchange
Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients
The __ lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
Right
A lot of air forces through the ___ ___ produces a loud sound
Rima glottidis
A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is ___ fluid
Serous
Which are symptoms of asthma?
Shortness of breath Wheezing Coughing
Which factors will reduce the volume of airflow
Smaller pressure gradient Increased resistance to airflow Increased surface tension in alveoli
Which form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Sphenoid bone Nasal bone Frontal bone Cribriform plate
The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a ___
Spirometer
The parietal pleura lines which of the following?
Superior surface of the diaphragm Internal thoracic walls Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
Which are included in a lung lobule
Terminal bronchiole Arteriole Venule
Which events are occurring during quiet inhalation
The lungs expanding Intrapleural pressure is decreasing Intrapulmonary pressure is falling Pleural cavity volume is increasing
Which of the following affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen
The solubility coefficient of oxygen Presence of hemoglobin
The overall growth of the ___ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone; thus, the Adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty
Thyroid
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the ___ volume
Tidal
The posterior sides of the tracheal C-shaped pieces of cartilage are bound together by the
Trachealis muscle
The pneumotaxic area is located in the pond
True
True or False: Broncodilation will decrease airway resistance
True
The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ___ cell
Type I
Near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called ___
Vibrissae
The total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs by forced breathing is known as ___ ___
Vital...capacity
The nasal septum is formed by
Vomer Septal nasal cartilage Perpendicular plate
As inhaled gases pass through conducting airways, the gases are "conditioned" in which of the following ways
Warmed to body temperature Humidified Cleanser of particulates
The trachea is ___ to the esophagus, ___ to the larynx, and ___ to the primary bronchi
anterior, inferior, superior
Which of the following are terms to describe the types of hypoventilation
hypopnea bradypnea
The trachea is part of the ___ respiratory system
lower
Multiplying the atmospheric pressure by the fraction of a gas in the atmosphere yields the ______ pressure of the gas
partial
the ______ muscles increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced ________
scalene, inhalation
