chapter 23

Emergency Banking Act

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

(FDR) 1933 and 1938. Helped farmers meet mortgages. Found unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of their products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal, this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Hundred Days

100 days after FDR was sworn into office. Congress passed into law every request of FDR enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

Bonus Army

A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Also known as the Tariff Act of 1930. Was an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. Supported by Herbert Hoover.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

An effort by Congress and President Hoover to prop up banks, railroads, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc. Known as the "King Fish."

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Authorized in 1935 with the intent of raising employment on useful projects. It focused on improving society, many times by building infrastructure. It was often criticized, but ultimately created over 9 million jobs. It also contributed to the preservation of self esteem, and the genesis of millions of works of art.

Roosevelt Recession

Economic downturn in 1937 which happened when FDR tried to reduce government spending on relief and job programs

Glass Steagall Act

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin D Roosevelt took office as president of the United States. He started his presidency off with the First Hundred Days, which was the beginning of the New Deal. During this period, FDR and congress passed hundreds of bills that promoted social welfare and initiated programs coined alphabet soup programs.

National Recovery Act (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition, which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Court Packing Plan

Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½.

Francis Townsend

New Deal critic; focused on the needs of older Americans; ideas for a pension plan for retirees contributed to formation of Social Security

Dust Bowl

Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided employment to young men by sending them to camps in national parks and forests - plant trees, build reservoirs, etc.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers. The law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed. Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression.

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Herbert Hoover

Was the 31st president of the United States (1929-1933). His term was notably marked by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression.

Wagner Act

established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Deficit Spending

government practice of spending more than is taken in from taxes.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

headed by Hopkins, Designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency of 1933 prevent winter damage by creating tens of thousands of jobs, such as leaf-raking and other jobs made just so people can be able to do something. Jobs were purely temporary and often very simple tasks.

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Social Security Act

the greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers