Chapter 24

Inquiry into the disintegrative processes within atoms became a central theme the new physics in part due to the experimental work of?

Marie and Pierre Curie on radium and radiation

What was the immediate cause of World War I?

The assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo

The German November revolution of 1918 eventually resulted in?

The creation of a German Republic with the socialists in power.

The basis of the Bismarckian System was?

The isolation of France through a series of military alliances

According to Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Aryans were?

The real creators of western culture

The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was

a deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of German war plans.

The Pan-German League advocated?

anti-liberal policies including the development of a global German colonial empire to unite all different classes of citizens at home.

Modernism in music included all of the following elements:

attraction to the exotic, nationalist themes, folk music and the lure of the primative.

Most Europeans believed that the Great War would?

be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society

As fought in the World War I, trench warfare

became a senseless slaughter of troops on all sides with hundreds of thousands of men dying for battlefield gains of a few miles at best and became increasingly unreal as baffled and incompetent officers persistently ordered their men to accomplish

The higher criticism of the Bible championed

by the French Catholic scholar Ernst Renan questioned the historical accuracy of the Bible and denied the divinity of Jesus.

Growing tensions in modern German society were exemplified

by the proliferation of ultra-nationalist right-wing political pressure groups with anti-Semitic, racist, and imperialist beliefs.

WWI not only killed millions of human beings, it also

destroyed one of the basic intellectual precepts upon which recent Western Civilization had been founded in the belief in progress

According to Sigmund Freud, behavior was

determined by one's unconscious and by inner drives of which people were generally unaware.

The Bismarckian System had the ultimate result of

dividing Europe into two opposing groups of nations making war more likely.

The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 did what?

gave the nearly-defeated allies a psychological boost.

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that Christianity had

had deeply undermined the creative power of western civilization.

Alexandra, Nicholas' wife

kept him isolated from the reality of domestic disturbances.

One socioeconomic group that clearly benefited from World War I was?

large industrialists, especially owners of factories making weapons and munitions

Internal opposition to the war in European nations came largely from?

liberals and socialists appalled by the scale of human slaughter

The First World War in the east was characterized by?

long periods of boredom broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops

The development of trench warfare in France was characterized by

long periods of boredom broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops and high morale and assurance of victory among the troops whose use of modern weapons reduced casualty

Just prior to World War I, the European intellectual community was

marked by a sense of confusion and anxiety leading to feelings of imminent catastrophe

The urbanization of Europe brought religion under attack from all of the following :

new migrants to cities without connections to urban churches, advocates of more scientific inquiry, Marxist political movements of the nineteenth century and Biblical higher criticism.

At its premier, Igor Stravinsky's Rite of Spring

now considered as a classic example of modernism in music and ballet, caused a great riot at the theater by the audience because of its sharp dissonance, and blatant sensuality.

Lenin's "April Theses"

outlined a specifically Russian movement toward socialism without first going through a bourgeois revolution. workers, and peasants.

The chief motivation of Georges Clemenceau's terms of armistice was to

punish Germany and gain security for France.

On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany attempted

to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dialogue to avoid war if at all possible.

Using Darwin's terminology, Herbert Spencer argued

that human societies were organism evolving through time by struggling with their environments.

The collapse of Russia's tsarist regime in March 1917 was aided by all of the following except:

the leadership of the Mensheviks in forming the new Provisional Government.

According to Freud, the superego was

the locus of conscience and represented the inhibitions and moral values society in general and parents in particular impose upon people.

The Fabian Socialists in Britain advocated?

the necessity of workers using their new voting rights to elect a new House of Commons wherein legislation favorable to the working classes could be passed in democratic fashion.

The feature of the Versailles Treaty that most Germans found very hard to accept was

Article 231, the "War Guilt Clause" which imposed heavy war reparations on Germany.

For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to?

Assure acceptance of his fourteen points

In World War I, the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought on the side of ?

Austria and Germany

The rivalry between which states for domination of southeastern Europe helped create serious tensions before World War I?

Austria-Hungary and Russia

The leader of the womens suffrage movement in England was?

Emmeline Pankhurst

Economically, World War I witnessed

European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies.

Which of the following philosophers advocated violence, if necessary, as a means of achieving socialism?

George's Sorel

The chief reason for the United States' entry into World War I was?

German violations of the principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas

"The Watch on the Rhine," a song that expressed deep patriotism and the heroism of fighting men, was a favorite tune of the?

Germans

In World War I, it is estimated that _________ soldiers died and ________ were wounded.

Eight or nine million , twenty two million

Who was responsible for the theory of relativity?

Einstein

During the nineteenth century, Jews

Emancipated in most countries, but still faced restrictions

The best example of naturalistic literature can be found in the novels of?

Emile Zola

Explaining his use of naturalism in his novels and his depiction of characters

Emile Zola said "I have simply done on living bodies the work of analysis which surgeons perform on corpses."

In art, modernism found its beginnings in the work of Pissarro called?

Impressionism

The Catholic Church took a rigid stand against modern ideas including religious toleration, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press under the direction of conservative popes such as?

Pius IX

The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was?

Teacher

The quantum theory of energy developed by Max Planck raised fundamental questions about the?

Subatomic realm of the atom and basic building blocks of the material world

Which art movements were prominent in the three decades prior to World War I?

Surrealism

The capable French wartime leader Georges Clemenceau uttered perhaps the only observation on World War One worthy of memory when he said?

"War is too important to be left to generals."

V.I. Lenin as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised

"land, peace, and bread."

The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the?

Armenians

45. Which states were created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I?

All except Poland

Freud maintained that a human being's inner life was a battleground between all of the following?

All except alterego

Social Darwinism was?

Applying the ideas of Darwin to society

The "Boxers" were?

Chinese who attempted to expel all foreigners from the country through armed rebellion.

The following were pioneers in the field of nursing

Clara Barton, Florence Nightingale and Amalie Sieveking

Between 1890 and 1914, in part through conscription, European military forces had?

Doubled in size

The event which exemplified renewed anti-Semitism in France in the late nineteenth century was the ?

Dreyfus affair

In general, by the late nineteenth century, the worst treatment of the Jews occurred in

Eastern Europe

The outbreak of the Great War was greatly accelerated by the Schlieffen Plan, which was?

Germany's military plan to invade France through neutral Belgium before attacking Russia

The Triple Alliance before 1914 included

Germany, Austria , Italy

The Triple Entente before 1914 included

Great Britain, France, Russia

In order to implement the Liberal Party's social reform program, David Lloyd George radically curtailed the power of the?

House of Lords

The fact that European states fighting in World War I had to effectively organize masses of men and material for years of deadly combat led to

Increased centralization and expansion of government powers, economic regimentation of entire countries and unscrupulous manipulation of public opinion through mass propaganda and government control of information.

Death rates at the front in World War One were high for all soldiers engaged regardless of their prior social status, but mortality was especially great among?

Junior officers drawn largely from the aristocracy; unskilled laborers and peasants comprising the mass of infantry troops

Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917

Lenin ratified the redistribution of land which had already been seized by peasants.

Among 19th century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was?

Nationalism

The greatest difference between naturalism and realism in literature was?

Naturalism was was more pessimistic than realism

In his encyclical De Rerum Novarum (1891)

Pope Leo XIII asserted that much in socialism was Christian in principle.

39. Even though facing tremendous odds against a successful seizure of power, the Bolsheviks prevailed in the end due to?

Ruthless discipline and leadership in part due to the military efforts of Leon Trotsky.

What was the state that was a thorn in Austria-Hungary's side and a primary cause of World War I?

Serbia

The primary antagonists in the Balkans region were

Serbs and Austrians

The mid-Pacific islands became a sphere of influence of?

United States

As a result of World War I, Eastern Europe

Witnessed the emergence of many new nation-states

The Boer War was fought by the British in?

Zimbabwe

The experimental work of early twentieth-century physicists

challenged and ultimately invalidated the rational,mechanical conception of the universe posited in the physics of Newton

The Meiji Restoration in Japan did what?

created a political system democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice and sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political and military organization.

As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare

daily life for the soldier became increasingly squalid and miserable in rat-infested trenches.

The Treaty of Versailles

forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression.

The women workers of World War I played an important role in?

gaining women the right to vote immediately following the war

Prior to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans was?

highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia.

As public morale and support for the war ebbed

police powers were expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state.

Maria Montessori exemplifies the "new woman" of modern times in that?

she obtained a professional degree and applied her expertise to new fields of inquiry like early childhood development.

Austrian ultimatums to Serbia, hastening the outbreak of World War I, came, in part, because

the Austrians had received a "blank check" of German support and military backing.

Russia's disastrous defeat in the Russo-Japanese war indirectly led to the?

the Revolution of 1905.

To advance the cause of women's suffrage

the Women's Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters took a radical, public, and well publicized approach to the movement, employing different media and provocative public actions, like pelting male politicians with eggs.

Which were some of the arguments to justify imperialism at the turn of the century?

the argument to lessen the burden of excess European population, especially criminals and other "undesirables"

As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because?

the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.

The series of revolutionary upheavals in central Europe following Germany's defeat led to?

the creation of several independent republics within the old Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The Second Battle of the Marne was?

the end of Germany's final, futile effort to win the war

In August 1914, the perception of the upcoming war among Europeans was that

the war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration.

European states felt they had

to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security and as a result this trends led to the outbreak of the Great War.

The usual tactic of trench warfare was

to use heavy artillery bombardments and then launch direct frontal infantry assaults on well-defended enemy positions.

What was the Italian trasformismo?

was a policy of politics employed by Giovanni Giolitti and included the transformation of old political parties into new power blocks through the calculated use of political patronage and outright bribery.

Among the notable achievements of the British Liberals under Lloyd George

was passage of the National Insurance Act of 1911 providing sickness and unemployment benefits to workers with state aid.