Chapter 24 "The Digestive System"

What are the symptoms/ causes of anorexia Nervosa?

- 30% underweight - starvation (hours to days at a time) - peer pressure, envy for beauty and popularity

How many aging effects of the Digestive System are there?

- 7.

What is Cholera? What does Cholera cause?

- A disease of the Small Intestine from bacteria. - Cholera causes "explosive diarrhea" which can cause death in 4 hours due to severe water loss by dehydration of the body.

What vitamins are fat soluble?

- A, D, E, K.

What does Niacin do for the body?

- Allows breakdown of nutrients in vegetables.

What does the Meat Food Group do for the body? Servings?

- Allows protein for muscle growth. - 2 to 3.

What is an ELAD?

- An artificial liver transplant for chronic sufferers.

What is malnutrition?

- An unhealthy state caused by having not enough or too much nutrients in your body.

What is Liver Disease/ Cirrhosis?

- Any disturbance of liver function that causes illness, it is also hard to heal and fix itself. EX: Liver Cirrhosis- a complication of liver disease which involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver.

What is the function of Bicuspids? What is the function of Molars?

- Assists in crushing food particles. - The largest teeth in the far back that crushes food.

Where is the Pancreas located?

- Behind the stomach.

Where is the Large Intestine located?

- Below the stomach, and starts from the small intestine to the anal rectum.

What is the Stomach? What is the Liver?

- Chemically breaks down materials by acids/enzymes/ or the mechanical processing of foods by muscular contractions. - Secretion of bile, storage of nutrients, and lipid digestion.

What types of cancers increases when their rates also increase?

- Colon, stomach, and oral cancer in elderly.

What can changes in Olfactory (smell senses) cause?

- Decrease in diet and nutritional behaviors.

What is Constipation? What causes Constipation? How can Constipation be treated?

- Difficulty of defecation because the feces have become hard and dry, limiting bowl movements. - By limiting water and fiber in your diet. -Laxatives.

What is the Small Intestine? What is the Large Intestine?

- Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions. - Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials for elimination.

What are the 2 vitamin groups?

- Fat soluble and water soluble.

What part of the brain maintains body temp?

- Hypothalamus.

What can Loss of Bone Mass (low calcium) cause?

- Increases tooth loss.

What is Gingivitis? What is Plaque?

- Inflammation of gums due to bacterial growth. - Hard, stained, discolored teeth, caused by leftover foods.

What does the Pancreas do?

- It is important for the production of digestive enzymes.

What is the function of Incisors? What is the function of Cuspids?

- Large front teeth that allows cutting of food. -(canines)Allows slashing and tearing of foods.

What can Drinking Heavy Alcohol Which Damages The Liver After Years Cause?

- Liver Cancer or Liver Cirrhosis.

What is the Function of Saliva? What is Saliva composed of? How much Saliva do Salivary Glands produce daily?

- Lubricates the mouth, and dissolves chemicals to stimulate taste buds. - 99.4% Water, and 0.6% Electrolytes. - 1.0- 1.5 Liters Daily.

What do Teeth allow?

- Mastication.

What is the Pharynx? What is the Esophagus?

- Muscles that propel materials into the esophagus. - Transports food materials to the stomach.

What is the normal body temperature? At what temperature's does damage occur to the body?

- Normal body temp = 98.6% F. - Damage occurs below 96% F or above 108% F.

What can Smooth muscle tone decreasing cause/effect?

- Peristalsis decreases due to weakened muscles. Some elderly people suffer more constipation and production of hemorrhoids.

What is the Gallbladder? What is the Pancreas?

- Storage and concentration of bile. - Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; Endocrine cells secrete hormones.

What is Deglutition?

- Swallowing of foods.

What is Thermoregulation?

- The "homeostatic maintenance of body temperature to survive in an environment.

What vitamins are water soluble?

- The B complex group: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate (folic acid), vitamin B12, biotin and pantothenic acid.

What is nutrition?

- The absorption of nutrients from food.

What is a balanced diet?

- The maintains if homeostasis by proper digestion of foods, minerals, and vitamins.

What is Diarrhea?

- The removal of food wastes in a liquid state caused by frequent water bowl movements from improper digestion or bacteria.

What do Bacteria and Food Allergies do and cause?

- They infect the small intestine and cause and overproduction of fluids of foods (increases chemical reactions).

Who suffers more from eating disorders?

- Women, (90%).

Who are Liver transplants better in?

- Younger patients.

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

- a disorder when a person thinks they are overweight (fat) when realistically they are fine or underweight.

What is heat exhaustion?

- caused by difficulty maintaining blood volume due to large fluid loss. Blood flow to the brain decreases

What are the symptoms of Bulimia? What are the causes of bulimia? What are the Treatements?

- damage to the stomach, esophagus, oral cavity (yellow teeth and cavities), bad breath, diarrhea, heart problems. - depression and peer pressure. - seek psychological & nutritional help! Get professional help.

What is conduction?

- direct transfer of heat by physical contact.

What are the side effects of Anorexia Nervosa?

- dry skin, swelling, decreased heart rates & blood pressure, loss of muscle & bone mass, strange PMS cycle.

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion? What are the Treatements of heat exhaustion?

- headache, nause, extreme sweating. - stop activity, get cold water, move into the shade.

Who are the type of people that get Anorexia Nervosa?

- high achievers, perfectionists. - women usually famous, models gymnasts. - men usually athletes (wrestlers drop weight).

What is radiation?

- loss of heat from higher to lower sources.

What can the damage of the Oral Cavity cause?

- loss of teeth in elderly people which is common (get dentures and crowns) due to aging and gingivitis.

What can the Epithelial Cells Declining in Growth lead to?

- more easily damaged bowls (peptic ulcers).

What is a heat stroke? What are the symptoms of a heat stroke?

- more serious condition that occurs if heat exhaustion is not cared for. The hypothalamus stops working, then sweat glands shut down. -NO SWEATING, dry & hot skin, very red skin color, body temperature 106-113% F, vomiting, cell death

What does Hyper-Vitaminosis cause?

- nausea, vomiting, headaches, hair loss, and possible death!

What are eating disorders?

- psychological problem that causes physical harm to a person that views distorted body images of themselves which makes them eat dangerously.

4 types of heat transfer?

- radiation. - conduction. - convection. - evaporation.

What is the Cephalic phase of food digestion in the stomach?

- seeing, smelling, tasting, or thinking of food (triggers the eNS, may cause hunger or salivation).

What are the treatments for Anorexia?

- seek psychological & nutritional help! It is hard to treat: 50-60% lasts 5 years average.

What is convection?

- the loss of heat by movement of air into skin.

What is Hyper-Vitaminosis?

- too much mineral and vitamin intake (pills).

What is evaporation?

- transformation from liquid to vapor.

What is the Oral Cavity? What are the Salivary Glands?

-(teeth and tongue) Mechanical process, moistening, and mixing of salivary secretions. - Secretion of lubricating fluids containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates.

What does the Dairy Food Group do for the body? How many servings?

-Allows vitamin D to grow strong healthy bones. - 2 to 3 servings.

What is bulimia?

-An eating disorder when a person goes on an eating binge and then self vomits after eating to get rid of the calories.

What is the Gastric phase of food digestion in the stomach?

-Begins with the arrival of food; stomach muscles stretch and increases the pH of acids (for chemical breakdown).

Which is more common: anorexia or bulimia? Which is harder to diagnose:'anorexics or bulimics?

-Bulimia. - Bulimics because they do not eat.

What does the Bread and Cereals Food Group do for the body? Servings?

-Carbohydrates allow fuel storage and maintains body sugar. - 6-11.

What is the Intestinal Phase?

-Food breaks down into chyme and enters the small intestine.

What does the Fruits and Vegetables Food Group do for the body? What are each of their servings?

-Important mineral/vitamin assistance. -vegetables: 3-5 servings And fruits: 2-4.

What are Minerals?

-Inorganic ions released by the breakdown of electrolytes.

What is the largest visceral organ in the body? How much does it weigh? What color is it?

-Liver. -3 Pounds. -Reddish/Brown Color

What is Absorption? What is Excretion?

-Movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, and vitamins into fluids of the digestive tract. -Elimination of waste products from the body. (Defecation- ejection of food wastes from the large intestine through the anus. Feces- the "final product" or waste of ingestion).

What is the most important accessory organ of the digestive system? What does it do?

-Small Intestine. -It performs the absorption and digestion of nutrients from all food sources that enter the body. AVG LENGTH=20 feet.

What is Ingestion? What is Mechanical Processing?

-The active process of materials entering our digestive tract through the mouth. -The physical breakdown of materials for easy enzymatic consumption (Mastication-chewing food).

What is Digestion? What is Secretion?

-The chemical breakdown of foods into small organic parts for absorption by the digestive epithelium. -Release of water, acids, and enzymes, buffers, and salts by the epithelium of the digestive tract.

What is Peristalsis?

-The movement of materials down the digestive tract in waves of muscular contractions.

What are the functions of minerals?

-neurotransmitter release(brain regulation), and enzymatic breakdown of substrates.

What are the 4 main Functions of the Tongue?

1) Compresses and mixes food materials. 2)Assists in the chewing process. 3)Allows Sensory Analysis. 4)Secretes an Enzyme (lingual lipase).

What are the two main components of the Digestive System?

1) Digestive Tract- muscular tube highway. 2) Accessory Organs- 10 individual organs.

What are the 4 main Functions of Stomach?

1) Holds the ingested food. 2)Allows mechanical breakdown of foods. 3)Enzymes allows chemical breakdown. 4)Produces glycoproteins (absorbs b12 vitamins).

What are the 6 Functions of the Digestive System?

1) Ingestion 2)Mechanical Processing 3)Digestion 4)Secretion 5)Absorption 6)Excretion

What are the 10 Accessory Organs/Digestive Pathway?

1) Oral Cavity 2)Salivary Glands 3)Pharynx 4)Esophagus 5)Stomach 6)Liver 7)Gallbladder 8)Pancreas 9)Small Intestine 10)Large Intestine

What are the 4 main Functions of the Oral Cavity?

1)Analyzes food before swallowing by taste. 2)Mechanical processing (chewing) of the food. 3)Lubrication of food within the mouth. 4)Limited digestion.

What are the 3 Phases of Food Digestion in the Stomach?

1)Cephalic Phase. 2)Gastric Phase. 3)Intestinal Phase.

What are the 4 types of teeth?

1)Incisors. 2)Cuspids. 3)Bicuspids. 4)Molars.

What are the 3 Main Functions of the Large Intestine?

1. Absorption of water and transportation of food into feces. 2. Storage of feces before defecation (going potty). 3. Absorption of major vitamins.

What are the four main food groups with 3 examples each?

1. Dairy Group- milk, yogurt, cheese. 2. Meat Group- steak, chicken, fish, eggs, beans, nuts. 3. Fruits and Vegetables. 4. Breads and Cereals Group- rice, pasta, Cheerios, etc.

What are 3 sub functions of the liver?

1. Regulates carbohydrate metabolism (stabilizes glucoses levels, or body's blood sugar levels). 2. Regulates and stores fats (lipid metabolism). 3. Stores vitamins (fat soluble A, D, E, K).

What are the 3 main functions of the liver?

1.Regulates metabolism. 2.Regulates blood. 3. Produces bile.