Chapter 24 Western Imperialism
The typical European immigrant was
a small farmer or rural craftsperson
What was nativism in the nineteenth century
beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin conference in 1884 and 1885
effective occupation
What did the British use to break china's self Imposed isolation
Opium
Rudyard Kipling
(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance
What is Orientalism?
A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
The U.S. between 1815 and 1932
Absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants
Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa
Afrikaners
Commodore Perry
After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation
Spanish-American War
Americans declared war on Spain after the ship Maine exploded. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico.
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
As a response to U.S. military pressure
A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub Saharan Africa
Berlin Conference
What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China
Britain had control of the seas
What happened in 1898 at Fashoda
British and French troops encountered on another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the French backed bown
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
Which country is not happy with how China is being carved up
China
In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century
Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.
The largest share of European foreign investment went to
European states and North America
After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?
Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations
What pattern dud migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century
Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.
The 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed
Great Rebellion
The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements
Gunboat Diplomacy
How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army
He drafted peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.
How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society
He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.
How did Ismail transform Egypt in the 19th century?
He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export
The restoration to the Japanese Emperor to power in 1867, leading to subsequent modernization of Japan
Meiji Restoration
In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three thousand mile archipelago that is now Indonesia
Netherlands
The late nineteenth century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad
New Imperialism
A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.
Hundred Days of Reform
The Meiji restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and
Initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines.
How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?
It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.
What was the result of the Berlin conference of 1884-1885
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers
Two mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium, which was designed to "open" China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions
Opium war
How did the British obtain the opium they smuggled into China
Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe one way the westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
Orientalism
What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture in mosquito infested Africa
Quinine
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade, but did not link inland cities to each other
The Russian Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism
Signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society
Goals of western imperialism
Somewhat economic, mainly for national security/military power/international prestige.
To what extent did new imperialism result in economic gains and why
The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments
What did Western nations hope to achieve through the global economic system
The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow the west and its propertied classes.
What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?
The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny
What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands
The possibility of buying land in the home country
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India?
They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.
What was the goal of new imperialism of the late nineteenth century
To create large political empires
Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land
Violent anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe
The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living
White Man's Burden
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it
feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?
it selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition
What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?
meet the threat posed by outside powers.
What was China required to do in the treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first opium war
open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs
Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden" referred to
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races
How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century
they encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige
What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies
they were essential to great nations
