Chapter 25 HW. Metabolism, Nutrition, Energetics

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

substrate-level phosphorylation.

The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.

the citric acid cycle

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

deamination

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.

essential

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis

excess ketone formation

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

NAD and FAD

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.

Reduced; oxidized

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

The mitochondria

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

Zinc

All of the following occur during glycolysis, except

a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron

What all occurs during glycolysis?

-4 molecules of ATP are produced -a molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid -2 molecules of ATP are consumed -hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules

If the body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in

-increased levels of urea in the blood -increased gluconeogenesis in the liver -ketosis and a decresaed blood pH -lipid metabolism

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation?

-it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD -fatty acids break down into 2-carbon fragments -it yields large amounts of ATP -it occurs in the mitochondria

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy b/c ...

-proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbs -the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids -one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia -extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostatsis

Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

Bulimia

The end products of aerobic respiration are

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

Cytosol

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

D

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

Electron transport system

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except

glycogenesis

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.

heat

Physicians have found improved outcomes when forcefully cooling specific organs or the whole body prior to surgery in a process called

induced hypothermia.

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of

radiation