Chapter 25: Metabolism and Energetics (Chapter Quizzes, Multiple Choice)

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase digests __________ into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

lipid complexes

The synthesis of lipids is called ________

lipogenesis

_________ enables infants to produce or conserve heat

lipolysis if brown fat

Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

Which type of lipid is linked to cholesterol deposition in arterial walls and may require a change in diet to control?

low-density proteins

All chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called _______

metabolism

The TCA, or Krebs, cycle takes place in the __________.

mitochondria

The breakdown of fatty acid molecules yields __________ the breakdown of similar carbohydrates.

more ATP than

________ tissues contains NO reserves of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins and can metabolize only glucose

neural tissue

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from what water-soluble vitamin?

niacin

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.

obtain energy

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.

oxidation

The final acceptor of electrons passing through the electron transport chain is __________, which in turn binds with hydrogen ions to produce __________.

oxygen; water

Catabolism __________.

produces ATP and heat breaks down organic molecules

In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.

pyruvic acid

Some amino acids can be used to make ATP because they can be converted to __________

pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA

LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.

receptor mediated endocytosis

A person who consumes very low amounts of vitamin C over a long period of time is at risk for developing __________.

scurvy

the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.

unable to metabolize other molecules

Amino acids are deaminated and the amine group is ultimately excreted as __________.

urea

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?

vitamin A

High-density lipoproteins are sometimes called__________.

"good cholesterol"

In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.

144 ATP

Glycolysis produces a net gain of __________ ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.

2

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

2 ATP for the cells

For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.

36 molecules of ATP

The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.

42 percent

Oxidative phosphorylation produces __________ percent of the ATP in our cells.

90

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) pick up the majority of hydrogen ions and electrons from which step in the aerobic cellular respiration?

TCA cycle

The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called _______

amination

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is the __________.

basal metabolic rate

The breakdown of fatty acid molecules into two carbon fragments is called __________.

beta-oxidation

The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments is _________

beta-oxidation

What carries lipids from the digestive tract to the circulatory system?

chylomicrons

The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

_______ is the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?

conduction

_________ is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue?

creatine

Glycolysis occurs in the __________.

cytoplasm

_______ is the removal of the amine group from an amino acid, which results in the formation of an ammonium ion

deamination

Amino groups can be removed from amino acids by __________.

deamination and trasnamination

________ is the series of integral and peripheral proteins in the inner mitochondria that takes NADH, FADH2, and oxygen, and produces ATP and water

electron transport system

The flow and transformation of energy is called ________

energetics

_____ is the term for an amino acid that either cannot be synthesized or is not synthesized in adequate amounts in the body

essential amino acid

______ is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited

free fatty acids

Levels of which endocrine hormone are high during the postabsorptive state?

glucagon

________ hormone exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state

glucagon

The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.

gluconeogenesis

_____ is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate

gluconeogenesis

Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol?

glycolysis

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

high density lipoproteins

________ is the lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver

high-density lipoprotein

What is the effect of androgens and estrogens on general peripheral tissues?

increased amino acid use in protein synthesis

This hormones does NOT have important functions during the postabsorptive state

insulin

Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

intrinsic factor

The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.

iron zinc copper manganese

_______ are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

NADH and FADH2

Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.

absorptive state

Most pathways of lipogenesis begin with __________.

acetyl coenzyme A

The breakdown of fatty acid molecules results in the production of __________.

acetyl coenzyme A

The transition between glycolysis and the TCA cycle involves a molecule called __________.

acetyl coenzyme A

To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________.

calories per day calories per hour calories per unit of body weight per day

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.

catabolism of fatty acids

When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.

catabolized for energy

The actual process of ATP formation associated with the electron transport system is called __________.

chemiosmosis

______ is NOT a nitrogen-containing compound found in the body?

cholesterol

A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.

slow growth alter appearance of skin cause decrease in production of prostaglandins

If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________.

synthesize triglycerides

The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is __________.

the absorptive state

_______ is NOT a mineral required by the body?

thiamine

Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.

transport proteins