Chapter 25 Practice

Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells. A)Peritubular capillaries B)Afferent arterioles C)Efferent arterioles D)Vasa recta E)Glomerular capillaries

A

Proximal convoluted tubule. A)Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs B)Site of filtrate formation. C)Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D)Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

A

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A)It is a purely passive transport process. B)It is a reclamation process. C)It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts. D)It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes.

A)It is a purely passive transport process.

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A)Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. B)The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. C)The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult. D)Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.

A)Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A)a vasa recta B)an efferent arteriole C)a podocyte D)a fenestrated capillary

A)a vasa recta

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A)creatinine B)glucose C)Na+ D)K+

A)creatinine

87)Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A)form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine B)absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments C)absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network D)form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine

A)form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A)glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) B)protein-regulated diffusion C)the ionic electrochemical gradient D)the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

A)glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A)is drained by an efferent arteriole B)has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems C)is impermeable to most substances D)has a basement membrane

A)is drained by an efferent arteriole

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A)slightly higher than water B)the same as water C)much higher than water D)less than water

A)slightly higher than water

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A)stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position B)produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney C)is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D)ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

A)stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A)transitional B)simple squamous C)pseudostratified columnar D)stratified squamous

A)transitional

Glomerulus. A)Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs B)Site of filtrate formation. C)Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D)Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

B

High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule. A)Peritubular capillaries B)Afferent arterioles C)Efferent arterioles D)Vasa recta E)Glomerular capillaries

B

)Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A)3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 B)3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 C)2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D)6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

B)3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A)The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. B)Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. C)The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys. D)The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation.

B)Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.

Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A)Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. B)The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. C)The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. D)Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

B)The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A)when the pH of the urine decreases B)by a decrease in the blood pressure C)when the peritubular capillaries are dilated D)when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

B)by a decrease in the blood pressure

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A)by producing new bicarbonate ions B)by secreting sodium ions C)by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions D)by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate

B)by secreting sodium ions

The macula densa cells respond to ________. A)aldosterone B)changes in solute content of the filtrate C)changes in pressure in the tubule D)antidiuretic hormone

B)changes in solute content of the filtrate

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A)hormonal regulation B)electrolyte levels C)renal autoregulation D)neural regulation

B)electrolyte

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A)maintains blood osmolarity B)eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat C)regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones D)helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood

B)eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A)capsular hydrostatic pressure B)glomerular hydrostatic pressure C)colloid osmotic pressure of the blood D)myogenic mechanism Answer: B

B)glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A)not limited by a transport maximum B)hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments C)in the distal convoluted tubule D)accomplished after the nephron loop is reached

B)hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A)transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop B)impermeability of the collecting tubule to water C)relative permeability of the distal tubule to water D)the presence of ADH

B)impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A)increases secretion of ADH B)inhibits the release of ADH C)is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells D)increases the rate of glomerular filtration

B)inhibits the release of ADH

)Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A)vasa recta B)macula densa C)nephron loop D)principal cell

B)macula densa

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A)podocytes B)macula densa cells C)mesangial cells D)juxtaglomerular cells

B)macula densa cells

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A)distal convoluted tubule B)nephron loop C)glomerular filtration membrane D)collecting duct

B)nephron loop

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A)countertransport B)secondary active transport C)passive transport D)facilitated diffusion

B)secondary active transport

May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels. A)Peritubular capillaries B)Afferent arterioles C)Efferent arterioles D)Vasa recta E)Glomerular capillaries

C

Peritubular capillaries. A)Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs B)Site of filtrate formation. C)Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D)Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

C

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A)atrial natriuretic peptide B)aldosterone C)ADH D)thyroxine

C)ADH

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A)angiotensin II and ADH B)angiotensin I and epinephrine C)angiotensin II and aldosterone D)angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

C)angiotensin II and aldosterone

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A)lobar B)interlobar C)arcuate D)cortical radiate

C)arcuate

The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A)decrease arterial blood pressure B)decrease water absorption C)constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure D)decrease the production of aldosterone

C)constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A)is not permeable to water B)pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule C)contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla D)is freely permeable to sodium and urea

C)contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A)decrease in the production of ADH B)increase in the production of aldosterone C)increase in the production of ADH D)decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

C)increase in the production of ADH

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron? A)lipid solubility. B)number of carriers. C)molecular complexity D)molecule size relative to fenestrations.

C)molecular complexity

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A)nephron loop B)capsular space C)nephron D)glomerular capsule

C)nephron

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A)active transport B)filtration C)osmosis D)cotransport with sodium ions

C)osmosis

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? A)mesangial cells B)macula densa C)podocyte cells D)granular cells

C)podocyte

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion? A)eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes B)disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs C)ridding the body of bicarbonate ions D)ridding the body of excessive potassium ions

C)ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A)motor neurons B)the sympathetic efferents C)the stretching of the bladder wall D)the pressure of the fluid in the bladder

C)the stretching of the bladder wall

Collecting Duct. A)Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs B)Site of filtrate formation. C)Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D)Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

D

Play a role in urine concentration. A)Peritubular capillaries B)Afferent arterioles C)Efferent arterioles D)Vasa recta E)Glomerular capillaries

D

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A)the renal pyramid B)the descending nephron loop C)the renal papilla D)Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

D)Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex? A)Its granular cells produce rennin. B)It regulates the rate of filtrate formation. C)It helps control systemic blood pressure. D)Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

D)Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A)Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. B)Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C)Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. D)Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

D)Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A)Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. B)Net filtration would increase above normal. C)Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. D)Net filtration would decrease.

D)Net filtration would decrease.

Select the correct statement about the ureters. A)The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. B)The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. C)Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. D)The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

D)The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. A)be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells B)be actively secreted into the filtrate C)be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport D)appear in the urine

D)appear in the urine

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. A)diabetes mellitus B)diabetic acidosis C)coma D)diabetes insipidus

D)diabetes insipidus

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A)help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys B)help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys C)help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys D)help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

D)help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

)The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A)hormones B)electrolytes C)glucose D)plasma protein

D)plasma protein

Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus? A)pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros B)mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros C)mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros D)pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

D)pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A)glomerular endothelium B)podocytes C)basement membrane D)renal fascia

D)renal fascia

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. A)thick segment is permeable to water B)thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride C)thin segment is freely permeable to water D)thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

D)thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells. A)Peritubular capillaries B)Afferent arterioles C)Efferent arterioles D)Vasa recta E)Glomerular capillaries

E

True or False: An excessive urine output is called anuria.

False

True or False: Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

False

True or False: Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

False

True or False: Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.

False

True or False: Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood.

False

True or False: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

False

True or False: If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

False

True or False: The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

False

True or False: The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

False

True or False: The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

False

True or False: The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

False

True or False: The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

False

True or False: The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

False

True or False: Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

False

True or False: Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

False

True or False: Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

True

True or False: Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

True

True or False: Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

True

True or False: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True

True or False: In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

True

True or False: Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

True

True or False: Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

True

True or False: The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

True

True or False: The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

True

True or False: The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

True

True or False: The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

True

True or False: Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

True

True or False: Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

True

ADH activated water channels called ________ are essential for water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

aquaporins

The ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.

myogenic

The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called ________.

nocturia

Sodium-linked water flow across a membrane not under hormonal control is called ________ water reabsorption.

obligatory

The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.

pyuria

The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.

trigone