Chapter 25: The Digestive System

In which process are large drops of fat broken into smaller fat droplets?

Emulsification

Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents?

Epithelial cell replacement Mucous coat Tight junctions

Which phases of swallowing are involuntary?

Esophageal Pharyngeal

As a group, the salivary glands located outside of the oral mucosa are categorized as -- salivary glands.

Extrinsic

Which ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

Falciform

What is the function of the bile acids and lecithin found in bile?

Fat digestion

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the --.

Gallbladder

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

Gastric Intestinal Cephalic

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called -- cells.

Goblet

What are the microscopic structural subunits of the liver?

Hepatic lobules

Match each gastric cell type with its function.

Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen Mucous cells: secrete mucus Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid Enteroendocrine cells: secrete paracrine compounds

Which are examples of mechanical digestion?

Churning of the stomach Churning of the small intestine Chewing

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as --.

Chyme

Longitudinal ridges within the mucosa of the anal canal are called anal --.

Columns

The selective intake of food is known as --.

Ingestion

What are functions of the oral cavity?

Ingestion Respiration Speech

The primary function of the -- intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, and not other nutrients.

Large

Most taste buds are found assocaited with the -- papillae of the tongue.

Lingual

Enzymes that digest lipids are called --.

Lipase

State another term for the process of chewing.

Mastication

Which involve digestion?

Mechanical breakdown of food. Chemical breakdown of food.

The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called --.

Mesenteries

Which are found in intestinal juice?

Mucus Water

Match each tooth region with its description.

Neck: where the crown, gum, and root meet. Root: portion of the tooth below the gum Crown: portion of the tooth above the gum

Which describes tooth enamel?

A cell-free protective layer over the crown.

Which of the following describes dentin?

A yellowish-tissue forming the bulk of the tooth.

Another name for the act of swallowing is --.

Deglutition

Which are functions of stomach acids?

Denatures proteins Destroys pathogens Activates pepsin and lingual lipase

Which describes gastric pits?

Depressions in the gastric mucosa

The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the -- colon.

Descending

Which are functions of saliva?

Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Cleanses mouth and teeth Aids in swallowing

List, in order, the segments of the small intestine.

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

What are the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

Oblique Longitudinal Circular

How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?

Osmosis

The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the --.

Pancreas

Which salivary gland is located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe?

Parotid

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach?

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

The enzyme -- begins digestion of protein in the stomach.

Pepsin

What are the three components of gastric juice?

Pepsin Hydrochloric acid Water

Match each protease with its action.

Pepsin: digests proteins in the stomach Carboxypeptidase: removes amino acids from the -COOH end of an amino acid chain. Dipeptidase: splits a molecule of two amino acids Aminopeptidase: removes amino acids from the -NH2 end of amino acid chain.

The inactive form of pepsin is --.

Pepsinogen

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth into the -- before reaching the esophagus.

Pharynx

Match each tooth type with its role in eating.

Premolars & Molars: crush and grind food Incisors: bite off pieces of food Canines: puncture and shred food

Which are pancreatic zymogens?

Procarboxypeptidase Chymotrypsinogen Trypsinogen

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic --.

Amylase

Match each pancreatic enzyme with its substrate.

Amylase - starch Ribonuclease - RNA Lipase - fats Trypsin - proteins Deoxyribonuclease - DNA

What is protease?

An enzyme that digests protein

What is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions?

An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining. The mixing of chyme with secretions. The propelling of contents along the intestines.

Where is the cardiac region of the stomach?

At the entry of the stomach

The pancreas secretes sodium -- into the duodenum in order to neutralize acid arriving from the stomach.

Bicarbonate

Which are found in bile?

Bile acids Cholesterol Bile pigments Phospholipids

List in order the passage of bile from its point of secretion in the liver to the duodenum.

Bile canaliculus Bile ductule Hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct

Which is found within the pulp of teeth?

Blood and lymphatic vessels Loose connective tissue Nerves

What is the largest portion of the stomach?

Body

The fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell which serves to increase surface area for absorption is also known as the -- --.

Brush border

A series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into monomers is known as -- digestion.

Chemical

What are the four lobes of the liver?

Caudate Left Quadrate Right

Which two structures are essential for all of the following: chewing, speech, sucking, and blowing?

Cheeks & Lips

The catabolic products of which of the following are absorbed into the blood?

Proteins and carbohydrates

What is the root canal of a tooth filled with?

Pulp

What is the name of narrowed distal region of the stomach?

Pyloric region

Which portions of the large intestine are located in the pelvic cavity?

Rectum and anal canal

The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric --.

Rugae

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

Secretion of bile

Muscular contractions called -- involve alternating ring-like constrictions at several places along the intestine.

Segmentation

What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract wall?

Serosa

What is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine in the lower left quadrant called?

Sigmoid colon

Which are stimuli for defecation?

Stretching of the sigmoid colon. Stretching of the rectum.

Which are functions of the cheeks and lips?

Sucking Pushing food between the teeth for chewing Speech articulation

What are the strips of longitudinal muscle fibers in the colon called?

Taenia coli

What is the colon?

The large intestine from the ileocecal junction to the rectum.

What is absorption?

The uptake of nutrient molecules from the digestive tract into the blood or lymph.

What is the function of micelles?

To transport fats in the intestine to the surface of the enterocytes

The portion of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity is the -- colon.

Transverse

The term -- refers to the small fingerlike projections of the lining of the small intestine.

Villi

Minerals and -- are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

Vitamins

Name the process of forecfully ejecting stomach or intestinal contents via the esophagus and mouth.

Vomiting

Which are found in saliva?

Water Amylase Lysozyme Mucus Lipase