Chapter 26-Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. Increased peripheral resistance in response to angtiotensin II Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules.

Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? Blood plasma Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Interstitial fluid

Intracellular fluid

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Blood plasma

Intracellular fluid

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + H2CO3. NaHCO3 + H2O Na2HPO4 + H2O NaH2PO4 + NaCl H2CO3 + NaCl

NaHCO3 + H2O

All of the following would cause edema except __________. liver disease hypotension hypoproteinemia incompetent venous valves

hypotension

Most water is excreted via the __________. kidneys skin intestines lungs

kidneys

ADH acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion. intestines; increase intestines; decrease kidneys; increase kidneys; decrease

kidneys; decrease

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. ten minutes one hour three hours half an hour

one hour

All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality except __________. production of large amounts of urine concentrated urine release of ADH thirst

production of large amounts of urine

Normal arterial blood pH is __________. highly acidic 7.4 neutral strongly alkaline 6.45

7.4

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hyponatremia. The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels An excess amount of potassium in the ECF Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both

A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Bone Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Edema. Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling When water output exceeds intake over a period of time

An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

Match the electrolyte balance term with the correct characteristic: Hyperkalemia. Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels An excess amount of potassium in the ECF A condition that results from water intoxication

An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? A healthy young female A healthy young male An older obese person An infant

An infant

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory acidosis. Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

Identify the possible causes of hypocalcemia at "C." Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting. Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "B." Ions Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogenous waste

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response? Renal, chemical buffers, respiratory system Respiratory system, renal, chemical buffers, Chemical buffers, renal, respiratory system Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal

Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal

Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment? D C A B

D

Identify the statement related to "C." Fluid in the blood The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Fluid in the blood

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? Potassium Chloride Sodium Glucose

Glucose

Identify the possible causes of hypokalemia at "C." Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis. Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting. Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy

Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy

Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells? Hypotonic hydration Dehydration Edema Hypoproteinemia

Hypotonic hydration

Acidosis results from elevated levels of what ion? Chloride Phosphorus Calcium Hydrogen Sodium

Hydrogen

Which condition would cause a drop in pH? Hypoventilation Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hypovolemia Hyperventilation

Hypoventilation

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "A." Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+ Kidney tubules Increased K+ secretion Increased K+ concentration in the ECF Increased Na+ reabsorption

Increased K+ concentration in the ECF

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "D." Increased K+ secretion Increased Na+ reabsorption Increased K+ concentration in the ECF Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+ Kidney tubules

Increased K+ secretion

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "D." Increased Na+ reabsorption Kidney tubules Increased K+ concentration in the ECF Increased K+ secretion Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+

Increased K+ secretion

Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules. Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys

Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules.

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "C." Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+ Increased Na+ reabsorption Kidney tubules Increased K+ secretion Increased K+ concentration in the ECF

Increased Na+ reabsorption

Identify the possible consequences of hypocalcemia at "D." Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting. Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure. Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules.

Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II

Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure. Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles

Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels

Which of the following is not a source of acid? Inspiration of carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid Loading and transport of carbon dioxide Fat metabolism Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins

Inspiration of carbon dioxide

Which of the following is not a source of acid? Inspiration of carbon dioxide Fat metabolism Loading and transport of carbon dioxide Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid

Inspiration of carbon dioxide

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "D." Ions Nitrogenous waste Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Ions

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "B." Increased K+ secretion Increased K+ concentration in the ECF Kidney tubules Increased Na+ reabsorption Homeostatic plasma levels of Na+ and K+

Kidney tubules

Match the following electrolyte with its description: Na+. Major extracellular cation Major extracellular anion Major intracellular anion Major intracellular cation

Major extracellular cation

Match the following electrolyte with its description: Na+. Major intracellular cation Major extracellular anion Major intracellular anion Major extracellular cation

Major extracellular cation

Match the following electrolyte with its description: HPO42-. Major intracellular anion Major extracellular cation Major extracellular anion Major intracellular cation

Major intracellular anion

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Cl- Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Na+. Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: K+. Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid

Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid

Identify the possible consequences of hyponatremia at "D." Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions. Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock). Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion

Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. Fe2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ Ca2+

Na+

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: HCl + Na2HPO4. Na2HPO4 + H2O H2CO3 + NaCl NaH2PO4 + NaCl NaHCO3 + H2O

NaH2PO4 + NaCl

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + NaH2PO4. NaHCO3 + H2O Na2HPO4 + H2O NaH2PO4 + NaCl H2CO3 + NaCl

Na2HPO4 + H2O

Which of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels? Blood clotting Secretory behavior. Cell membrane permeability Neuromuscular excitability

Neuromuscular excitability

Which of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels? Neuromuscular excitability Cell membrane permeability Blood clotting Secretory behavior.

Neuromuscular excitability

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "C." Oxygen Ions Nitrogenous waste Carbon dioxide

Nitrogenous waste

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "A." Nitrogenous waste Carbon dioxide Oxygen Ions

Oxygen

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? Progesterone Aldosterone Estrogen Glucocorticoids

Progesterone

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? Progesterone Estrogen Aldosterone Glucocorticoids

Progesterone

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Hyponatremia. Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated When water output exceeds intake over a period of time An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated

Identify the statement related to "D." The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells. Fluid in the blood

The body's "internal environment"

Identify the statement related to "B." Fluid in the blood The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Aldosterone. An excess amount of potassium in the ECF The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause A condition that results from water intoxication

The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels

Identify the statement related to "A." Fluid in the blood The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Trillions of tiny individual "compartments"

Which of the following is incorrect? Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH but will remain within normal physiological limits. Anything that impairs respiratory system functioning causes acid-base imbalances. When respiratory system problems cause the pH imbalance, the resulting condition is either respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis.

Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH but will remain within normal physiological limits.

Which of the following is incorrect? When respiratory system problems cause the pH imbalance, the resulting condition is either respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis. Anything that impairs respiratory system functioning causes acid-base imbalances. Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH but will remain within normal physiological limits.

Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH but will remain within normal physiological limits.

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hypocalcemia. Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause A condition that results from water intoxication The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause

Which statement about acids is true? Alkalosis occurs when acid levels are high in the body. They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. Most hydrogen ions in the body come from the ingestion of acidic foods. Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Dehydration. When water output exceeds intake over a period of time Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

When water output exceeds intake over a period of time

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. an increase in ECF water concentration an increase in potassium levels in the ICF stimulation of the baroreceptors a rise in plasma osmolality inhibition of the osmoreceptors

a rise in plasma osmolality

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. ANP ADH aldosterone rennin

aldosterone

Parathyroid hormone __________. is released when aldosterone levels climb activates osteoblasts enhances release of calcium from bone targets the thyroid gland results in a lowering of calcium levels

enhances release of calcium from bone

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. hypernatremia hypokalemia Cushing's disease hyponatremia aldosteronism

hyponatremia

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________. angiotensin II hypotonic extracellular fluid input from baroreceptors a decline in blood volume

hypotonic extracellular fluid

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________. intracellular space interstitial space plasma special fluid compartments

interstitial space

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________. protein buffer system chloride buffer system sulfate buffer system bicarbonate buffer system phosphate buffer system

protein buffer system

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis

respiratory acidosis

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. bases salts organic molecules acids

salts

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. calcium sodium magnesium potassium chloride phosphate

sodium

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. water balance in the body the level of aldosterone in the plasma the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma the concentration of K+ in the ECF

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases __________. osmoreceptors are stimulated more ADH is released there is an increase in the level of aldosterone there is an increase in the level of ANP a person experiences an increased thirst

there is an increase in the level of aldosterone

The major source of water loss from the body is __________. urine insensible respiratory loss feces insensible skin loss sweat

urine