Chapter 26: Nutrition & Metabolism

The maximum number of ATP generated by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is --.

32

For several hours during and after a meal, you are in the -- state.

Absorptive

What are the components of an ATP molecule?

Adenine Phosphate Ribose

The process of -- is the addition of an amino group to a molecule.

Amination

In a pathway called the urea cycle, the liver combines -- with carbon dioxide to produce urea, a less toxic waste.

Ammonia

What are the three major pathways by which glucose is catabolized in the human body?

Anaerobic fermentation Aerobic respiration Glycolysis

Which are often considered essential fatty acids?

Arachidonic acid Linolenic acid Linoleic acid

Which of the following are water-soluble vitamins?

Ascorbic acid Riboflavin Folic acid

Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?

Athletes in resistance training (building muscle) Pregnant women Growing children

Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called -- oxidation.

Beta

Which of the following are examples of non-shivering thermogenesis?

Breakdown of brown fat. Sympathetic mediated increase in metabolic rate.

What is lipolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides

Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function?

Calcium

By definition, one -- is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Calorie

Because the class of nutrients called -- are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

Carbohydrates

What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?

Cellular fuel

Which is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D?

Cholesterol

Proteins are classified as -- proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance.

Complete

Match each type of heat transfer to its description.

Conduction: heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer. Radiation: emission of infrared energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer. Evaporation: heat dissipated as it breaks bonds between water molecules. Convection: transfer of heat to a moving fluid such as blood, air, or water.

Which of the following are examples of trace minerals?

Copper Iodine Zinc

The removal of an amino group from an organic molecule is known as --.

Deamination

Total metabolic rate is the sum of basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure for which of the following?

Digestion Exercise Thermoregulation

What are the three principle forms of dietary carbohydrates?

Disaccharides Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "-- calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.

Empty

Which produces most of your body heat?

Exergonic chemical reactions

True of False: saturated fats are exclusively of animal origin.

False

True of False: water-soluble fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

False

True or False: the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum metabolic rate needed to sustain life.

False

Why is fat superior to carbohydrates for energy storage?

Fat contains more energy per gram.

Ketones are produced by the incomplete oxidation of which of the following?

Fats

Essential -- -- include linoleic acid, and possibly linolenic and arachidonic.

Fatty Acids

In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called --.

Fermentation

What role does the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve?

Forms a recognition marker for cells Enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood

Match each of the peptides involved in short-term appetite regulation to it description.

Ghrelin: produces the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone. Peptide YY: signals satiety and terminates eating; prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly. Cholecystokinin (CCK): stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; suppresses appetite.

The process called -- is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids.

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following are examples of carbohydrates?

Glycogen Sucrose Glucose

The synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called --.

Glycogenesis

Which term refers to the hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose or glucose 1-phosphate?

Glycogenolysis

Which process yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule?

Glycolysis

Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans?

Hereditary factors Eating habits Exercise habits

The glycemic index is an expression of which of the following?

How a particular dietary carbohydrate affects blood glucose level.

Which term refers to an excessively high body temperature?

Hyperthermia

Which brain region monitors and regulates body temperature?

Hypothalamus

Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids are said to be what?

Incomplete

Which best defines the term nutrient?

Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance.

Which are effects of insulin?

Inhibits gluconeogensis Stimulates glycogensis Stimulates glucose oxidation

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, serves as an index of the body's fat stores, and has a small effect on appetite?

Insulin

Which mineral is essential to the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and myoglobin?

Iron

Match the liver disorder with its description.

Jaundice: yellowing of skin/eyes due to the buildup of bilirubin. Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver, usually viral Cirrhosis: irreversible inflammatory disease of liver with scarring

After the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecules is called a -- acid.

Keto

The pH imbalance that occurs as a result of a high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is known as --.

Ketoacidosis

One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietics and a -- in biochemistry.

Kilocalorie

The -- cycle (citric acid cycle) is a cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.

Krebs

Which of the following are types of lipoprotein?

LDLs HDLs VLDLs Chylomicrons

Which function in long term appetite regulation?

Leptin Neuropeptide Y Insulin

The term -- refers to the synthesis of fats.

Lipogenesis

Which are dietary disaccharides?

Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Which is a secretion of the arcuate nucleus that inhibits eating?

Melanocortin

The term -- rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time (kcal/h or kcal/day).

Metabolic

-- is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism

Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are classified as which of the following?

Monosaccharides

The essential nutrients include which of the following?

Most vitamins All minerals Eight of the amino acids

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen

Which are types of dietary fiber?

Pectin Cellulose

The process called -- is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

Phosphorylation

Which term refers to a carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers?

Polysaccharide

During the -- state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of ketone bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose.

Postabsorptive

Which class of nutrient is our chief dietary source of nitrogen?

Proteins

Which type of macromolecule includes membrane receptors, pumps, ion channels, and cell-identity markers?

Proteins

Which of the following are components of lipoproteins?

Proteins Triglycerides Cholesterol

In the presence of oxygen, -- acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

Pyruvic

In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to -- acid, thus reducing it to -- acid and regenerating NAD.

Pyruvic acid, lactic acid

A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which of the following states/situations?

Relaxed In a postabsorptive state At a comfortable temperature

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

Retinol Calitrol

Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?

Series of oxidation-reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP.

-- temperature is the temperature close to the body surface, e.g. skin and oral temperature.

Shell

The recommended intake of the nutrient -- is 1.1 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day.

Sodium

Match each mineral to its most common dietary sources.

Sodium: table salt, processed foods; usually present in excess Calcium: milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice Iron: red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts, legumes, molasses Fluoride: fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed

Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source.

Sucrose: refined from sugarcane and sugar beets Fructose: fruits Maltose: germinating cereal grains Lactose: cow's milk

Homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range is known as --.

Thermoregulation

Which is characteristic of vitamins?

They are necessary to metabolism.

Which term refers to the total sum of BMR and energy expenditure for voluntary activities, especially muscular contractions?

Total metabolic rate

-- is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Transamination

Which macromolecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids

Triglyceride

True or False: if glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use protein as fuel.

True

True or False: the typical American consumes about 4x the sodium RDA of 1100 mg/day.

True

Match each vitamin to its function.

Vitamin C: promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant. Vitamin A: a component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant. Vitamin D: promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Vitamin K: essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting.

Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization?

Vitamin D

Which of the six major classes of nutrients are considered micronutrients because only small quantities are required?

Vitamins Minerals

The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include which of the following?

Water ATP Carbon dioxide

Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions.

Water: coolant; solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc. Vitamins: coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc. Lipids: fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc. Proteins: muscle contraction; enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc. Carbohydrates: fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids Minerals: structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc.

Which are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis?

mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, DNA