Chapter 28: Reproductive System

What is the effect of heat to the dartos and cremaster muscles?

Both muscles relax, allowing the testes to move inferiorly further away from the body.

What are the effects of FSH and LH on the ovarian cycle?

Both stimulate follicular development. LH surge induces ovulation.

Select the best sequence of ducts that the male gametes pass through A. Rete testis, ductus deferens, epididymis, urethra B. rete testis, epididymis, efferent ductules, ejaculatory duct. C. efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deference D. efferent ductules, rete testis, epididymis

C

Select the true statements. 1. Male sex organs are referred to as gametes 2. The testes' only function is spermatogenesis 3. Male sex organs are functional across the entire lifespan 4. Males produce testosterone alone, while females produce estrogen alone

None of the above.

Which of the following statements about male reproductive system is false? I. Epididymis stores sperm. II. The testes need very cold temperatures for sperm to survive. III. The scrotum creates and stores sperm. IV. The penis has two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum. V. The seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland secrete alkaline mucus to protect sperm form acidic conditions in the urethra.

II, III

What is true of the Epididymis? 1. It has a head, body, and tail and surrounds a good bit of the testis 2. Epididymis store semen 3. Epididymis have seminiferous tubules 4. Epididymis store the sperm until they are fully mature and motile 5. After sperm leaves the epididymis it goes to the ductus deferens 6. If sperm is ejected too late it gets pushed through the urethra anyway 7. Sperm goes into the epididymis from the testis and comes out of the epididymis as semen

1, 4, 5

Which of the following is the correct sequence regarding sperm? 1. Epididymis 2. Seminiferous tubules 3. Ductus Deferens

2, 1, 3

Give the correct order these are produced during spermatogenesis. A. Primary spermatocytes B. Secondary spermatocytes C. Spermatids D. Spermatogonia E. Sperm cells

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

Which of the following is the correct pathway that sperm travels from the testes to expulsion? 1. Prostate gland 2. Vas deferens 3. Penis 4. Seminal vesicles 5. Urethra 6. Epididymis 7. Cowper's gland

6, 2, 4, 1, 5, 7, 3

Ovulation

Release of secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle.

How do sex chromosomes differ from autosomes?

Sex chromosomes determine whether an individual is male or female. they have fewer genes coding for cellular functions

(T/F) the seminiferous tubules make sperm, while the vas deferens store and transport sperm

True

Seminalplasmin

an antiobiotic that combats urinary tract infections in the male

Menstrual phase

days 1-5; sloughing of functional layer; lasts through period of menstrual bleeding

Secondary follicle

forms from a primary follicle; contains primary oocyte

Oogenesis

maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte

Female gametes

secondary oocytes (eggs)

Male gonads

testes

Male primary reproductive organs

testes

Ovarian follicles

within the cortex; support the oocyte; 6 types

Secondary spermatocyte

-23 only -haploid -completes meiosis II to produce spermatids

Spermatozoon (sperm)

-23 only -haploid -leaves seminiferous tubule and matures in epididymis

Spermatid

-23 only -haploid -undergoes spermiogenesis, where most of its cytoplasm is shed and a midpiece, tail, and head form

Primary spermatocyte

-23 pairs (46) -diploid -completes meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocyte

Spermatogonium

-23 pairs (46) -diploid -divides by mitosis to produce a new spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte

From puberty to menopause

-Hypothalamus releases GnRH -GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

Male development

-SRY proteins produced -begins influencing gonad to become testes -forms sustentacular cells and intersitial cells -anti-Mullerian hormone secreted by sustentacular cells -inhibits development of paramesonephric ducts -development of mesonephric ducts

With decreased temperature:

-contraction of dartos and cremaster muscles -testes and scrotum pulled closer to body -helps conserve heat

When testes are exposed to elevated temperatures:

-dartos muscle relaxes -allows testes to move inferiorly away from body -cremaster relaxes to allow testes to move inferiorly

If fertilization does not occur:

-degeneration of corpus luteum -dramatic drop of progesterone -without progesterone, sloughing of functional layer

Accessory reproductive organs

-ducts and tubules leading from penis to testes -accessory glands -penis

Sustentacular cells

-help nourish developing sperm -release hormone inhibin when sperm count is high -inhibin inhibits FSH secretion and regulates sperm production

FSH

-primary source of hormone: anterior pituitary -stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicles

LH

-primary source of hormone: anterior pituitary -stimulates ovulation (when there is peak in LH)

Progesterone

-primary source of hormone: corpus luteum -primary hormone responsible for functional layer growth after ovulation; causes increase in blood vessel distribution, uterine gland size, and nutrient production

GnRH

-primary source of hormone: hypothalamus -stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

Inhibin

-primary source of hormone: ovarian follicles -inhibits FSH secretion so as to prevent excessive follicular development

Estrogen

-primary source of hormone: ovarian follicles (before ovulation), corpus luteum (after ovulation) -initiation and maintains growth of functional layer of endometrium

Blood-testes barrier

-protects developing sperm from material in blood -protects the sperm from the body's leukocytes -formed from tight junctions between sustentacular cells

What are the various functions of seminal fluid?

-provides nourishment for sperm -helps combat urinary tract infections -helps liquify semen -helps protect the urethra and provide lubrication during intercourse -provides alkalinity to neutralize vaginal acidity

Which hormone in male reproduction is mismatched from its source? 1. hypothalamus - testosterone 2. interstitial cells - inhibin 3. anterior pituitary - follicle secreting hormone 4. sustentacular cells - gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

1. 2, 4

Which of the following is true of gametogenesis? 1. Female and male gametogenesis both produces the same number of gametes. 2. Males start spermatogenesis at puberty 3. Females can only reproduce until menopause. 4. Males can only reproduce until around 50s.

2, 3

What are the steps (in order) of the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and androgen production? 1) Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics. 2) GnRH stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH. 3) Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH secretion and sensitivity to GnRH. 4) LH stimulates the secretion of testosterone and FSH stimulates the secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP). 5) Rising sperm count levels cause inhibin secretion with further FSH secretion.

2, 4, 3, 5, 1

Sperm development occurs in which order? 1. Primary spermatocyte 2. Secondary spermatocyte 3. Spermatogonium 4. Sperm 5. spermatid

3, 1, 2, 5, 4

What are the following steps of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and androgen production in order? A. Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics B. LH stimulates the secretion of testosterone, and FSH stimulates the secretion of the androgen-binding protein C. Sperm count levels increase, causing sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin to further inhibit FSH secretion D. Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis, and inhibits GnRH secretion E. GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion FSH and LH

5, 2, 4, 3, 1

What effects do increased levels of testosterone have on the body? a. High testosterone levels facilitate spermatogenesis b. Inhibits GnRH secretion c. Reduces anterior pituitary sensitivity to GnRH d. Have a negative feedback effect on the entire cycle

All of the above

Choose the correct statements concerning spermatogenesis and hormone regulation: 1. The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh). 2. GnRh stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. 4. Rising sperm count levels cause sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin, which stimulates FSH secretion.

All of the above.

What hormones begin to be secreted at puberty, and what are their general functions?

GnRH, triggering FSH and LH. They signal the gonads to produce significant levels of sex hormones that start the process of gamete and sexual maturation.

Which duct system persists in the female embryo? In male embryo?

In females the paramesonephric ducts develop; in males the mesonephric ducts develop

Androgens

LH stimulates the interstitial cells to produce these hormones

Follicular phase

Maturation of the vesicular follicle and development of secondary oocyte

Female development

No SRY proteins produced

Which type of ovarian structure has many layer of granulosa cells surrounding the secondary oocyte and a very large antrum?

Vesicular follicle

Seminiferous tubules

contain sustentacular cells

Spermatogenesis occurs within which structure? a. Ovary b. Prostate Gland c. Epididymis d. Ductus Deferens e. Seminiferous tubule

e. Seminiferous tubule

(T/F) . Parasympathetic innervation is responsible for ejaculation and Sympathetic innervation is responsible for erection of the penis.

false

Primary follicle

forms from a maturing primordial follicle; consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells; secretes estrogen

Mature follicle (vesicular)

forms from a secondary follicle; contains secondary oocyte; secondary oocyte completes meiosis I and is arrested in meiosis II

Seminal fluid

needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina; produced by accessory glands including seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Female gonads

ovaries

Female primary reproductive organs

ovaries

Spermatogenesis

process of sperm development that occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Scrotum

provides the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development and maturation

Testes

relatively small organs housed within scrotum; produce sperm and androgens

Seminal vesicles

secrete fructose and prostaglandins

Prostate gland

secretes milky fluid that's rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, PSA

Ovaries

site of oocyte production and sex hormone release

Male gametes

sperm

Epididymis

stores sperm until they are fully mature and capable of being motile

Urethra

transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body.

Accessory reproductive organs

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands

Corpus luteum

when a mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte; secretes progesterone and estrogen

Corpus albicans

when corpus luteum undergoes regression (breaks down)

Sperm first entering epididymis:

-look like mature sperm -can't move like mature sperm -if expelled too soon, not motile -if ejected too late, old sperm degenerate

What are the functions of the blood-testis barrier? 1. Protects developing sperm from material in the blood 2. Protects sperm from body's leukocytes 3. Protects sperm from a rise in body temperature 4. Protects sperm from carbonic acid in blood

1, 2

Which of the following statements is false concerning spermatogenesis? 1. Spermatogenesis begins at birth, when significant levels of FSH and LH stimulate the testis to begin gamete development. 2. Male gametes do not undergo meiosis. 3. Sperm development and androgen production are controlled by negative feedback only. 4. FSH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. 5. Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis.

1, 2, 4

Which of the following are true about the male reproduction system? 1. the male gonads are the testes 2. the male gametes are sperm 3. sperm is created by mitosis and spermatogenesis 4. a male has two X sex chromosomes 5. sperm are haploid

1, 2, 5

Which of the following regarding the male reproductive system is true? A. The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin hormone which initiates spermatogenesis. B. Sperm development involves a positive and negative feedback system C. Follicle stimulating hormone is not affected by GnRH in males. D. Sperm stem cells are termed spermatogonia E. Parasympathetic innervation is responsible for ejaculation. F. Parasympathetic innervation is responsible for increased blood flow during an erection.

A, C, D, F

When gonadotropin-releasing hormone is secreted, it stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete? A. FSH and LH B. Progesterone and estrogen C. Gastrin and LH D. LH only

A. FSH and LH

What is not true about spermatogenesis? A. Sperminogenesis is the first step in spermatogenesis B. spermatids are produce when secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II C. The tail of the sperm is formed in the final stage of spermatogenesis

A. Sperminogenesis is the first step in spermatogenesis

Which part of the body initiates spermatogenesis? A. hypothalamus B. medulla oblongata C. testes D. spermatic cord E. anterior pituitary gland

A. hypothalamus

Semen in the urethra is transported in the following order: A. Spongy urethra membranous urethra prostatic urethra B. Prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra C. Membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra D. Prostatic urethra spongy urethra membranous urethra

B

What does a drug like Viagra do? a. vasoconstriction to allow less blood to leave the penis b. vasodilatation to allow more blood to enter the penis c. vasoconstriction to allow more arterial pressure in the penis d. vasodilatation to allow more venous pressure in the penis

B

Find true statements for male reproductive system: A. LH stimulate interstitial cells to secrete progesterone. B. GnRH secreted by hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. C. Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibit GnRH secretion and reduces the anterior pituitary's sensitivity to GnRH. D. Progesterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics.

B, C

Which of the following statements are true a. The anterior pituitary initiates spermatogenesis b. FSH and LH target the testes and stimulate androgen production only c. High testosterone levels inhibit GnRH secretion d. Androgens stimulate libido

C only

Which of the following hormones are produced by the male reproductive system? A. FSH B. Estrogen C. LH D. All of the above E. A and C

D. All of the above

What is true regarding Spermiogenesis? a. Spermatid is becoming mature spermatozoa (sperm). b. Excess cytoplasm shed and nucleus elongates during this process. c. It is the final stage of spermatogenesis. d. All of the above.

D. all of the above.

Sustentacular cells release _____ in response to rising sperm count levels a. FSH b. LH c. GnRH d. Inhibin

D. inhibin

Luteal phase

Development of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle and hormone release from luteum.

(T/F) Spermiogenesis is the first stage in spermatogenesis.

False

PSA

acts as an enzyme to help liquify semen following ejaculation

Haploid cell

contains 23 chromosomes (not 23 pairs); n

Diploid cell

contains 23 pairs of chromosomes; 2n

Process of forming human sex cells

gametogenesis

Secretory phase

days 15-28; increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum; results in increased vascularization and uterine gland development

Proliferative phase

days 6-14; development of new functional layer of endometrium; overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion

Primordial follicle

most primitive type of ovarian follicle; consists of primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells; arrested in the first meiotic prophase

Sympathetic innervation

responsible for ejaculation

Parasympathetic innervation

responsible for erection