Chapter 28 Vertebrates

The evolution of the first vertebrates occurred in which of the following places?

The ocean

Which of the following is true of both of the nonvertebrate chordates Urochordata and Cephalochordata?

They have a notochord.

Which of the following are characteristics of most mammals?

They have hair. They are endothermic. They have a placenta. They have mammary glands.

Choose features of the primitive vertebrates that first appeared in the Cambrian.

They were small (less than 30 cm long). They were jawless. They had a head and a primitive tail.

True or false: Whales have hair.

True

Select the features that are shared by all vertebrate chordates but are not found in nonvertebrate chordates.

Well developed internal organs Neural crest Vertebral column Endoskeleton Head

Which of the following features is not one of the key characteristics that are shared by most amphibians?

An amniotic egg

Which of the following mammals are capable of powered flight?

Bats

Which of the following groups of vertebrates are endothermic?

Birds Mammals

_____________are the only mammals capable of powered flight.

Blank 1: Bats or Chiroptera

is a carbohydrate that forms the bulk of a mammalian herbivore's diet.

Blank 1: Cellulose

Lancelets, which are members of the subphylum ,_______________ are small, marine chordates.

Blank 1: Cephalochordata

Living mammals are grouped in two subclasses, the _____________, which lay eggs, and the_______________ , which include the marsupials and the placental mammals.

Blank 1: Prototheria Blank 2: Theria

have chordate larval forms, which metamorphose into sessile, filter-feeding adults that bear primitive resemblance to other chordates.

Blank 1: Tunicates, Urochordates, or Urochordata

All living __________ are characterized by a partially divided heart, pulmonary veins, cutaneous respiration, lungs, and legs (although in some cases these features have been secondarily lost).

Blank 1: amphibians

Animals depending on outside sources for body heat are called____________ whereas animals that generate their own heat are called______________.

Blank 1: ectotherms or ectothermic Blank 2: endotherms or endothermic

The two key characteristics of birds that differentiate them from reptiles are the presence of___________ and the ability to_____________.

Blank 1: feathers Blank 2: fly

The two characteristics that are absolutely unique to mammals are____________ and_________ glands.

Blank 1: hair Blank 2: mammary

Mammals are distinguished from other vertebrates because all mammals have , _____________although some have more than others.

Blank 1: hair or fur

During sexual reproduction in modern reptiles, the male places sperm inside the female so that the egg and sperm can fuse before development of the outer egg membranes. This is called _____________,_____________.

Blank 1: internal Blank 2: fertilization or fertilisation

Two groups of vertebrates are endothermic, namely the____________ and the___________ (please use common names, not scientific ones).

Blank 1: mammals Blank 2: birds

Mammals can be distinguished from all other classes of vertebrates by the presence of hair and _____________glands. Most mammals nourish their internally developing young through a_________________ and they are _______________, meaning they are able to maintain a constant body temperature.

Blank 1: mammary Blank 2: placenta Blank 3: endothermic or endotherms

The three main groups of mammals are the____________ , the ______________, and the____________ mammals.

Blank 1: monotreme Blank 2: marsupial Blank 3: placental

The ________________ are the only mammals that lay eggs rather than bear live young.

Blank 1: monotremes, Monotremata, prototherians, or Prototheria

In ___________________ mammals the fetus' and the mother's blood streams are brought in close contact via a

Blank 1: placental Blank 2: placenta

Although monotremes, such as the duck billed platypus, are mammals, they retain many _______________features; for example, they lay eggs and have a cloaca.

Blank 1: reptile or reptilian

Bony fish have a bony__________ and a skin covered in plates or___________ .

Blank 1: skeleton or endoskeleton Blank 2: scales

The ____________ of Chondrichthyans is made of cartilage, as opposed to bone.

Blank 1: skeleton, internal skeleton, or endoskeleton

Archeopteryx shared several characteristics with the small theropod dinosaurs it descended from. For example, it had________________in its beak and, unlike modern birds, very few of its______________were fused together.

Blank 1: teeth Blank 2: bones

Despite how different their sessile, filter-feeding adult forms seem, larval __________ clearly display chordate features.

Blank 1: tunicates or urochordates

Nonvertebrate chordates do not____________ form or other bones.

Blank 1: vertebrae

Reptiles exhibit key characteristics which improved on amphibian adaptations to living on land. The legs of reptiles are arranged to support more body ______________ and to allow reptiles to run. The skin is covered with dry plates____________ or to prevent water loss, and watertight coverings prevent ___________________from drying out.

Blank 1: weight or mass Blank 2: scales Blank 3: eggs

The skeleton of Chondrichthyans is made of which of the following?

Cartilage

Lancelets belong to which phylum?

Chordata

Lancelets can be accurately described as which of the following?

Chordates

Which are common characteristics between monotreme mammals, like the platypus, and reptiles?

Cloaca Shoulder structure Oviparous

Which of the following are reptile adaptations that improved on the amphibian adaptations to land-life?

Eggs protected by watertight coverings Skin covered in plates or scales Efficient heart and lungs for oxygen delivery to muscles

Animals that are able to generate their body heat internally are best described as which of the following?

Endothermic

The primary characteristics that differentiate birds from reptiles are which of the following?

Feathers Thin hollow bones

Which of the following accurately describes a form of reproduction in which the male places sperm inside the female before the egg has developed its outer protective membranes?

Internal fertilization

Which of the following is not one of the five key features of fish?

Internal organs

Which of the following accurately describe the placenta of placental mammals?

It nourishes the fetus throughout its entire development. It brings the mother's and fetus' blood supply in close contact.

Which of the following features are shared between small theropod dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx?

Long tail with many vertebrae Toothed bill

Which of the following are features that are unique to mammals among vertebrates?

Mammary glands Hair

Which of the following lay eggs, as opposed to bearing live young?

Monotremes

Which of the following are the three main groups of mammals?

Monotremes Placentals Marsupials

Match mammal groups to their features.

Monotremes- Mammals that lay eggs Marsupials- Mammals that carry their young in a pouch Placental- Mammals that nourish their embryos using a specialized organ

Which of the following are features of bony fishes?

Most have a scale-covered skin All have a bony skeleton

Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates that distinguishes them from nonvertebrate chordates?

Notochord

Which of the following are key (defining) features of jawed fishes?

1. Internal gills 2. A vertebral column 3. Single-loop circulation 4. Nutritional deficiencies 5. Paired appendages Reasons: An endoskeleton Reason: It is true that fish have an endoskeleton, but that is not one of their key defining characteristics. A tail Reason: It is true that fish have a tail, but that is not one of their key defining characteristics. Internal organs Reason: It is true that fish have internal organs, but that is not one of their key defining characteristics.

Mammals lack the enzyme needed to degrade cellulose, therefore ____.

they rely on a mutualistic relationship with bacteria