chapter 29 civil rights

what was SCLC's purpose?

"to carry on nonviolent crusade against the evils of second-class citizenship."

morgan v. virginia (1946)

Supreme court declared unconstitutional those state laws mandatory segregated seating in interstate buses

who was the first director of SCLC?

ella baker, the granddaughter of slaves, while with the NAACP baker severed as national field secretary traveling over 16,000 miles.

the desegregation campaign was led largely by the NAACP, which had fought since 1909 to...

end segregation one influential figure was charles hamilton houston who severed as chief legal counsel for NAACP from 1934 to 1938

de facto segregation

exists by practice and custom

true or false: the 26th amendment outlawed the poll tax which was a measure used to keep a.a's from voting

false

true or false: the march on birmingham convinced president eisenhower that only a new civil rights act could end racial violence

false

what did the voting rights act accomplish?

a. the percentage of registered a.a voters in the south tripled b. the proportion of a.a registered to vote rose from 10% in 1964 to 60% in 1968

what did the voting rights act outlaw?

a. the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters b. stated that federal examines could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials

Who attended the march?

a.250,000 civil rights supporters, including 75,000 white -b. dr. martin luther king jr. to give his "i have a dream" speech

rosa parks

actions sparked montgomery bus boycott

the voting rights act of 1965 eliminated the so-called______, which disqualified many a.a voters in the past

literacy tests

the civil rights leaders who preached that blacks should be separate from white society was...

malcolm x

who was the president of SCLC (southern christian leadership conference)?

martin luther king .jr

the nation experienced the worst urban rioting in its history in the days following the assassination of...

martin luther king jr.

nation of islam

members known as black muslims

black panthers

militant a.a political party

what organization was formed to support rosa parks?

montgomery improvement association

martin luther king jr.

most prominent civil rights leader

after the civil war, some a.a's tried to escape southern racism by...

moving north

one of the most prominent voices of the black power movement was...

stokely carmichael

birmingham, a city known for it's...

strict enforcement of total segregation in public life

how did the court rule in plessy?

this "separate but equal" law did not violate the fourteenth amendment which guarantees all americans equal treatment under law

who volunteered for the freedom summer project?

thousands of college students

who argued brown's case?

thurgood marshall

what was the goal of the freedom summer project?

to influence congress to pass a voting rights act

what did the march from selma encourage president johnson to do?

to pass the voting rights act of 1965

what was the goal of the march on washington?

to persuade congress to pass the civil rights bill

freedom riders

tried to desegregate interstate bus travel

true or false: eisenhower placed the arkansas national guard under federal control and ordered troops into little rock to protect a.a students trying to desegregate the school

true

true or false: martin luther king jr. believed that racial injustice should be fought using non-violence resistance and civil disobedience

true

true or false: the civil rights act of 1957 was the first piece of civil rights legislation since the reconstruction that gave the attorney general greater power over school desegregation and gave the federal government jurisdiction over violations of a.a voting rights

true

true or false: the march on selma prompted president johnson to push for swift passage of a voting rights act

true

over the 23 years, marshall and his NAACP lawyer would win...

29 out of 32 cases argued before the supreme court

between 1965 and 1992 the number of a.a's holding elected offices grew from less than 100 to about...

7,000

jim crow laws

a. aimed at separating the races b. forbade marriage between whites and blacks and established many other restrictions on social and religious contact between the races c. separate schools, streetcars, waiting rooms, railroad coaches, elevators, witness stands, and public restrooms d. the facilities provided for blacks were always inferior to those for whites

in deciding the NAACP's legal strategy, houston focused on the...

a. inequality between the separate schools that many states provided b. at that time, the nation spent ten times as much money educating white a child as an a.a. child.

fannie lou hamer

a. the daughter of mississippi sharecroppers, spokesperson for the mississippi freedom democratic Party at the 1964 democratic convention b. described how she was jailed for registering to vote in 1962, and how police forced other prisoners to beat her

in what three ways did wwii help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?

a. the demand for soilders in the early 1940's created a shortage of white male laborers. b. one million a.a's served in the armed forces, which needed so many men that they ended their discriminatory policies. c. during the war civil rights organizations actively campaigned for a.a voting rights, and challenged jim crow laws

president kennedy arranged to give the freedom riders direct support by...

a. the justice department sent 400 u.s marshals to protect the riders on their last part of their journey to jackson, mississippi b. the attorney general and the interstate commerce commission banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and lunch counters

civil rights of 1964

banned discrimination in public places

black power

carmichael said, was a "call for black people to begin to define their own goals and to lead their own organizations."

although the voting rights act marked a major civil rights victory, some felt it did not go far enough...

centuries of discrimination had produced social and economic inequalities, anger over these inequalities led to a series of violent disturbances in the cities of the north

the civil rights victory in birmingham convinced not only birmingham officials to end segregation but it also...

convinced president kennedy that only a new civil rights act could end racial violence and satisfy the demands of a.a's and whites for racial justice

sit-ins

form of protest against segregation

the effort to register a.a's in the south was known as...

freedom summer

martin luther king jr. objected to the black power movement...

he believed that preaching violence could only end in grief. king was planing to lead a poor people's march on washington, dc. however, this time people would have to march without him bc he later died on april 4th, 1968

how did president eisenhower respond to the little rock nine?

he placed the arkanas national guard under federal control and ordered a thousand paratroopers into little rock

sweatt v. painter (1950)

high court ruled that the state law schools must admit black applicants, even if separate black schools exist

in september 1962, air force veteran james meredith won a federal court that allowed...

him to enroll in the all-white university of mississippi, nicknamed ole miss.

the civil rights act of 1968 ended discrimination in...

housing

who was the CORE director?

james farmer

what did the brown ruling declare?

segregation in schooling was unconstitutional

brown II

ordered school desegregation implemented "with all deliberate speed"

what did the montgomery improvement association do?

organized the boycott

what did the civil rights act of 1875 do?

outlawed segregation in public facilities by decreeing that "all persons shall be entitled to full and equal enjoyment of the accommodation." however in 1883 the all-white supreme court declared the act unconstitutional.

affirmative action

programs that seek to aid minorities

what did SNCC accomplish, and how? (student nonviolent coordinating committee)

raised awareness by doing sit-ins in which a.a protesters sat down

when meredith arrived on campus, he faced governor ross barnett who...

refused to let him register as a student

in the case brown v. board of education of topeka, the supreme court stuck down what as unconstitutional...

schools

de jure segregation

segregation by law

appointed by president johnson to study the case of urban violence, which blamed much of the problem on white racism was...

the kerner commission

what role did the violence shown on tv play in the march from selma?

the rest of the nation watched in horror and hundreds of people poured into selma

brown v. board of education of topeka

the supreme court overruled plessy v. ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated

civil rights leader criticized the fact that much of the money for president johnson's war on poverty had been redirected to help fund...

the vietman war

the kerner commission blamed much of the rioting that plagued northern cities during the mid 60's on...

white racism